º¥ÒÅ ƒÌ¯¨: ��âÀ‘î¢ —œÒØò ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�è

2.1 º™± ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�è

2.1.1 µÆ Øœ‘Ì€« �â�«™� ¸–í�äò �¦¿º€¥Æ‘� Ø㛎, ÿ±-�ÿ±, ¶Æ‘ÆÅ-�¶Æ‘ÆÅ,
�éÅ-ÀéÅ, ƒïÆ-ƒòî‘ ‡òé ×€�ÇÖ ƒÏØ€î¢ �¹°€î€Æ ×ãÑ´³, �êØò ��âÀ‘î¢
—œÒØÖ ‚Ý ‚Ý —œÖÕÀ‘ì µ¥™�, æØÖ —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ´±Ö �꿺‘�þ× …«Ñ´°¿ºª¥ �êבŽÆ-
—°Ë×›�þã µÒÅ ‡ñÅ �€î´±í�Å ÄÒÅ- ‡òé …¯€À ¯¨Å ‹Ñ Øã™�Å —ºé´ —°‘¥›�×€°™
�‘¯Žòþé‘Å.

2.1.2 ��À‘î¿ ½éÀ‘î¢ �¹°€î¿ þº‘™��äÓϹ³ �Ýòì �êÚ µÆØœ‘Ì€«ÇÖ ºª¨ ‚ÝÀ‘ݤ —œÖÒ,
 ‚òÀ‘ —°Ë×›�è …€éÉŠבñÒ€�þÆ ‡ª¦ …ª½�¹³ �¹° —°Ë×›�€ã þµÌ¦Æ‘�™ �¯¨ °Í�´³
ÀŽàÅþº‘³ ‡àÅ ‚â �ñº×›�äò —×俺‘¥‘� º´± ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�è �€ÀŽòéî. ‚òÀ‘Øò °íþº‘°¢
 �¹°€î  Š¨›Ž¥,—°Ë× °Íœî´±ò ‡àÅ —°Ë×¢ �¹°€îþÆ ƒ¹° ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�äò …ªŽ¥™€�Æ‘�Å.
ƒ´°€�Æ ºÌ¢—œÒÚ�äò ×Þ ˆíºª¥ �ñº×›�äò —×俺‘þ¥ þ°×‘Ì´ ±ÏÀé�æÅ, ±ÜØÆ
»Ìº¹°›�æÅ  ƒòñÅ ƒ×í€é¿ þº‘òé »é ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�æÀ‘�Å. …Ò� ƒÒ™ŽÆ ×ÌÒ‘íêÖ ƒ´°€�Æ
—ÀË ƒ€éÆñº´±ò —×俺‘¥‘�  �€À¹³èã ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�€ã™ �‘¯º³ �Íþ° Æ‘�Å. º¯þ«‘¨ ˜¦Æ
º‘¥Ö�ã‘� ×¹³èã³Å �鿺‘�™ �Ï°´ °™�€×Æ‘�Å. —ÀËÆ‘î ƒ€éÆñº×›�€ã º‘¦ ÀŽàÅ
×€�ÇÖ �Ý�  —œ‘òÀ‘€Ò�ã‘� Øã›�Å °ï¢ �鿽 ƒ×íêí� …¯¨.

2.1.3 ƒ³×€Ì °ò€î À€é´³ €×´þ° Ø€ãÆ‘¦ �Ïè½Í¹° ƒ€é×ò, º™�×´°‘Ñ £‘î™ �¯¬í�
�×—ºÏÀ‘î‘� ±ÏÀ‘Ò‘� �Å€ÀÆ‘� ±ÏÃÏ�î‘� ص‘Æ�î‘� ‡òìÅ ƒòñÅ ºÖþ×ì צכ�äÖ
—×俺ª¨ °‘ò µ¥´³Å ±ÏØ€ãÆ‘¥Ö�€ã �îÚ�äÖ, �¥¿½Ï�‘¯±é´³ ¸°Ö ØÞ¿º‘Ñ€×Çò
�‘ª��äÖ �‘ª¦ �Ïä �×£‘îÅ —�‘æ´± �€×þÆ �Ý� —œ‘òÀ‘€Ò�ã‘� º¯ µÆ´þ°‘¨ ×Ïź¦
�Ï躑Ӵ° ¶€Ò ƒ›�.

2.1.4 þ°×‘Ì´ ±ÜØÆ »Ìº¹°›�è, œ›�‘Ò´³ ºÍº‘¥Ö —°‘€�™� �ê³ þ×é‘î€×. ºÍº‘¥Ö�æÅ
��âÀ‘î¢ —œÒØò �¦¿º€¥ÇþÒþÆ ‡à¹°î—×ïñÅ, �›� º‘¥Ò‘�ÍÆò —°‘€ÒØÖ ¶òì
�¹°€î¶€Ò ‹›Ž ¶í�, —°Ë×´€° …«Ñ¹³ �¹° …«ÑØþÒ ‡àÅ £‘îÚ±¿½™�€ã —œ‘ÖÒ‘ŽÆ
¶€Ò€Æ™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. þ°×‘Ì´ ±ÜØÆ »Ìº¹°›�äþÒ‘, °ï¿ºª¥ …ÇÑ Šòì, ƒ¹° בñÒ�¢
—œÒØÖ °ò€î Àé¹³, �‘ª� °ÏÅ —°Ë×´þ°‘¨ Šòê ¶í� …¯¥‘�Å �ñº×›�€ãþÆ —º‘Ïã‘�™
—�‘¯¨, �๱ Ÿ€×´³ Ÿ€×´³ ƒòºÃÅ ³òºÃÀ‘� À‘ê À‘ê¿ ºª¨ �°ò×Þ ‡àÅ �ñº×›�€ã
—œ¹°Áâ º‘¥Ò‘� ‡à±Æ ¶€Ò€Æ ƒ×íêÖ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. ³–ÌÁÖÒ‘³, ƒ€é×þ �‘°Ò‘Ž™ ��¹³
ƒ€«¹±Ï™�Å þº‘³ ƒòºÃÅ »Í¹±Ï™�Åþº‘³ ³òºÃÀ‘� �ñºØ´³ º‘¦Æ€×�ã‘� ƒ¿º‘¥Ö�è,
°´³×™ �Ï´³™�€ã À‘´±ÌÅ ŸÀ¹³ ×Ì‘³ ‚òÀ´ ³¦¿½™�€ãÉÅ …¥ò —�‘¯¨ ×ÏŽòéî.

2.1.5 °´³×™ �Ï´³™�è ºÒ ½±Æ°‘� ƒ›� —×俺¨×³ …¯€À ‡ïñÅ, ��´±€« �ñº×Å
þº‘òì ƒ€é×€îþÆ °€Ò×î‘�™ —�‘¯¨ ‡àŽòé —°òº°‘Ö, ƒ×í€é —°Ë× ��´±€« º‘¥Ö�è
‡òìÅ ˜éÒ‘Å. ƒ°î‘Ö °‘ò À‘¬™�בœ�Íò ±Ïþ�‘€×Æ‘Ñ þº‘òé ¸–í�æÅ ±ÏÀé�ã‘�
—×俺ª¥î.

2.0 —ÀË�¯¥ œ‘´±Ì›�è

2.2.1 ƒ¹° º™± ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�è þ°‘òê —°Ë×›�þ㑨 ˜¦Æ �ñº×›�€ã —ÀË—º‘Ïã‘™Ž �‘ª¦ ¶ì´°,
�êþב¨ Æ‘¯¨Å —°‘¥Ñ¹³ ×ÏÅ �¹°€î þ°‘òê, �€î´€°ÉÅ ½Í¹³ —�‘èæÅ ÃÆí�
ƒÆÖº‘î°‘�´ þ°‘òìŽòé³. —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ´³ ¸–Õ´± �Ï´³ ×Þ ‡à¹° �ã€× ‚ËÚ ½±Æ ×ãÑ¢�
�‘¯Žòé³. œ‘°‘Ì« �ñº×´±í� �¿º‘íºª¥  ƒ¹° �ñº×›�€ã —ÀË—Æòì �ã¹³ ¶ì´°™˜¦Æ
�ã€×�è Æ‘€× ‡òì ½±Æ¿ ºÒ þ�èØ�è ‡àŽòéî. ½´°Ñ�è œÀ«Ñ�è þº‘íêÆ �ã€× ב°ÃÅ,
€µÆ‘Ç�Ñ�è þº‘íêÆ µ¹µÆ ב°ÃÅ ‡¨º¥‘³ þº‘Žòéî. ‡³™�ã‘ÕÅ ‡¨´° —ÀË�ã‘ÕÅ Á™� þœ‘±™�
þׯ¥‘Å, Ÿ¥Ñ¹—°Í¹³èã‘ò þœ‘± ‡Å—ºÏÀ‘ò ‡òì ±Ï£‘îœÅº¹°Ñ ˜ê, —ÀËÆ‘� �¯˜¥‘�™
�‘«×ÏÅ —º‘π㿠ºíê, …¯¥‘? ƒÖ€ÒÆ‘? ‡òì þ�èØ ‡à°í� ƒ¥ÁÖ€Ò ‡òì µØòì,
þׯ¥íº‘Ò³ �ã€× ‚ËÚ �ÖÒ, ƒ€é °Íœî´€° „ª¦´ °ÏÅ º™�×Å —ºé …°Ú׳ Æ‘³ ‡òºþ° ‡òì
˜ê¢ —œÖŽòé‘Ñ. �¿ºÑ —ºÏÀ‘ñÅ »í�‘Ò´±Ö, €œ× �´°‘¹°´³ ˆÌ«ØÆÖ þ°‘òì°í� �‘Ì«À‘�
�€À¹³Øª¥ "�‘¯º‘Ñ ‚Ñ �¯®°Ö �‘ª¥‘™�‘þÒ" ‡òì› ˜ê �ã€× ‚ËØÖ ‹Ñ ½±Æ ±Ï¿º´€°™
—�‘¯¨ ×ÏŽòé‘Ñ.

2.2.2 —ÀË�¯¥ œ‘´±Ì›�è ‡òºî ƒ›�, �¿ºÑ —ºÏÀ‘ñÅ ±Ï£‘îœÅº¹°ÏÅ ˜ê¢ —œòé �ã€×
¶Æ±™� ˆíº —œòé ¸–í�ã‘�Å. ƒÆÓÆ ¸–ÓÆÅ ‡òºþ° ƒ°ò ÀéÇÆÒ‘�Å. ƒ×íêÖ °€ÒƑƳÅ
—ºÏÅ �鿽€¥Æ³Å €œ× �´°‘¹°´³ �¦¿º€¥�€ã Øã™�׳À‘� ±ÏÄÒÍò ±ÏÀ¹±ÌÅ �€ÀŽòé³.
»í�‘Ò´³ �°ò »Þב�, —ÀË�¯¥‘Íò �×£‘î þº‘°ÃÅ »é ¸–í�æÅ �€ÀŽòéî. �×£‘îþº‘°þÀ
ƒÆÓÆ ¸–ÓÆ´€° ×àב³ —ÀËÆêÚ ‚ËØ€î ±éź¥¢ —œËÉÅ —ºÏ¸–Ò‘�Å. ƒ°î‘Ö …Ò� —ÀËÆêÚ
×ÌÒ‘íêÖ °ï �鿽€¥Æ°‘�´ ±�âŽòé³. ‚�À›�€ãÉÅ þ×°›�€ãÉÅ ƒòñÅ ƒ³ þº‘òé
ŸÏ±�€ãÉÅ þÀíþ�‘ã‘�™ �‘ª¥‘³, ˆÌ«ØÆÖ ×ÞþÆ �€î×ÏÅ Š´³ þº‘íìÅ ×€�ÇÖ —ÀËÆêÚ
‚ËÚ ƒ›� —œÖŽòé³. œÀÆ ×‘â™€�™�  �êØÆÖ œ‘òé °™� Øã™�´€°ÉÅ °ÏŽòé³.

2.2.3 �êØí� ‚�Å �€î´³Å º‘Ñ€×�è ×ÞþÆ œï™�Å �‘ª��è ‚�þ× �‘ª��è ƒÏ™�,
�‘¯º‘ñÅ …¯¨, �‘ª¨×‘ñÅ  …¯¨ ‡òé ÀéÇÖ £‘îÅ £‘³Ï þµÆÅ ‡òé×‘ì º‘Ñ€×ÇÆÖ
—°‘¥›�Žòé³. þÀÕÅ ƒ¹° —°äØò �¦¿º€¥ÇþÒþÆ,  º±Ç€î¿ þº‘Ö ºŸ º‘œÅ � ‡òìÅ
º±Ç€î �®Ž¦Ö ºŸØò �¯ º‘œÅ  ¶Òב, �®�‘Ø¦Ö ¶ÒÚÅ ‡òìÅ €œ×�´°‘¹°±ò �¦¿º€¥
�Ï´³™�è  Ã°ò ðÓÖ —œ‘ÖÒ‘™�Å —ºìŽòéî.

2.2.4 ‡Üבì ��À‘î ½éÀ‘î —œÒØò �ñº×›�€ã ½Í¹³ —�‘èæÅ ÃÆí�ÇÖ ƒÆÓÆ ¸–ÓÆ ×Þ
—œòé —°‘Ö�‘¿»ÆÑ, ÿº´±Ì¯¨ ¸–Õ´±�€ã™ �¯¨ �×í€éþÆ —°èãêØ€î °Ì™˜¦Æ �êØò
—œÒÚ�è ‡òì —�‘¯¨ —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ´€° —ºÏÅ ƒÒ™�« ¸–Ò‘�¿ º€¥´°‘þÌ‘, �Üבþé �þ°
ƒÆÓÆ ¸–ÓÆÅ ×Þ —œòì, …�´±€« �ÖÒ³ —°Ë× ��´±€« ½é´±€« �ñº×›�€ãÉÅ
—ÀË¿—º‘Ïã‘�™ —�‘¯¨, ‡ÖÒ‘ ×€� �ñº×›�€ãÉÅ ½Í¹³ —�‘¯¨ —°äÉÅ ×€�ÇÖ ±ÏÀ¹±ÌÅ
—°‘¥›Ž ‡ÖÒ‘ —ÀË�¯¥ œ‘´±Ì›�æÅ —œòìèãî. …ÒŽÆÖ ×‘â™€�—Æ‘¨ �ÏäÆÖ ×‘â™€�ÉÅ
…¯€ÀþÆ ‡òì �¯¨, ‡Üבì ב♀� ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ Šòé‘� �€ÀŽòé³ ‡òº€° —°äÚº¨´³Å
×€�ÇÖ ‡à¹°îþ× —ÀË�¯¥ œ‘´±Ì›�è ‡òº°‘�Å.

2.2.5 —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ´±Ö Øã™�¿ºª¥ ¸–Õ´± �Ï´þ°, œÍ€Æ ŽÍ€Æ þÆ‘�Å £‘îÅ ‡òéבì Ø͹³,
ƒ€×þÆ �×£‘î´€° —ºì×°í�‘î …´±�è ‡òéבì, œÀÆ ×‘â™€� �êØÆÖ œ‘ѹ° ‹Ñ ³€éÆ‘�
×ãÑ™�¿ºª¨è〰ɛ �‘« æŽòé³. œÍ€ÆÆ‘±�è �×£‘îÚ´±�è ‡òºþ° €œ×�´°‘¹°
�ã€× þ�‘ªº‘¥‘�Å.

2.2.6 ƒ¹° —ÀË�¯¥ œ‘´±Ì›�äò °ï¢ �鿺‘׳, —°Ë×°Íœî›�€ãÉÅ …è㥙Ž —º‘Ïã‘�™
�¯¨, �€î´€°ÉÅ ½Í¹³ —�‘¯¨ —°ä×€¥ÉÅ ÃÆí�ÇÖ ƒé›Ž, �³ —º‘à³ �€î´€°ÉÅ �Ýòì
þµ‘™�×°‘ŽÆ �êØò ºÌ¢—œÒÚ�è °Å ‡Ö€Ò™þ� —œòé€ÀÆ‘�Å. ƒ¹° —º‘ÏãêØò ‡Ö€ÒÆ‘ŽÆ
ºÌ¢—œÒÚ�äÖ ��¿ºª¨ �›þ� …±™Žòé £‘î›�þã Ã¦×‘î …¯€À�ã‘�, �œ´³ �ÖÒ‘ œ´°‘�™
—�‘¯¨ þÀÕÅ ƒ×íê™� �¿º‘Ö �ל´°‘� �×£‘îÅ ÁäÑŽòé³ ‡òìÅ �´°‘¹° …¯€À�è
Øã™�¿º¨×°‘�Å. �ã€×�è ‡ÖÒ‘Å ƒé™� ‚›� ‚×þ° �×£‘îÅ ‡òé —°äÚÅ ƒ¹° ¸–í�äÖ °‘ò
—×俺¨Žòéî.

2.2.7 ƒ¹° ºÌ¢—œÒÚ�äò £‘îÚ±¿½™�è, £‘î´—°äÚ�è Æ‘€× ‡ïò, º¤œŽÏ´±Æî‘� ¶òì
ƒ€é×ò …Ò�´€° —°‘Þíº¨´±, ‡ÖÒ‘ ‚òÀ‘™�æÅ ºÌ-�ºÌ À‘î¢ —œÒÚ�äò ×ÞÆ‘� �ñº×›�€ã¿
—ºíì, �°ò×Þ þœ‘º‘î ÀéÇÖ £‘îÅ —ºíì …ËÆ Ã¦ØÖ °‘þî £‘î�Ì×î‘� �Àѹ³ …�¹°
ÀéÇÖ �×£‘îÅ þº‘±´³ Ù¨þºì �䙎òé‘ò ‡òºþ°Æ‘�Å. �íéä �íéäÆ‘�¿ —ºÆѹ³
º¦º¦Æ‘� ‚òÀ‘™�è ‚«×ÀÒ´€° ÿ™Ž �°ò ×Þ �®´³×ÃÅ �Ýòì æØÖ ƒ€é×þî �Ïã
±þÌ‘°�ÃÅ ÿ›Ž �×£‘îþÀ £‘îÀ‘� Ÿ¥Ìþ× ƒ€é×ò ƒ¹° …Ò�´€°ÉÅ º€¥´³ ב♀� ‡òì
Šò€éÉÅ µÖŽ ºíºÒ ±ÏØ€ãÆ‘¥Ö�€ã µ¥´³Žòé‘ò ‡òº°‘Å. �®´³×´±ò þº‘³ ��›�‘Ì´±ò,
°‘ò °î³ ‡òêÏ™�, ��›�‘Ì›—�ª¨ £‘î´ —°äÚ …¯¥‘�Å þº‘³, �×ò ‚ª¨Ø™�´°‘ò µ‘Å
‚¨Žòþé‘Å ‡òé —°äÚÅ …¯¥‘Žòé³. �°ïò ��¹€°™ —�ª¨ �¥›Ž¿ þº‘Ë �×þî ƒï �± ‡òì
�¥›Ž Øà׳Š—°‘àź‘Ž ئ׳Šµ¥™Žòé³.

2.2.8 ƒÜ×‘ì £‘î´ —°äÚ °¹³ �×£‘îÅ ½�™�´ °Ï×þ° ‚�ÂÆ—Àî, ƒ¹° ‚�ÂÆ´€° Á�¢
�鿺‘� ƒ¹° —ÀË�¯¥ œ‘´±Ì›�þã Ø㙎 °ÁÝ —ÀËÆêÚ ×ÌÒ‘íêí� °ï¿—ºÏÅ �é¿»€î´
°ÏŽòéî. »ò ×ÏÅ º�±�äÖ ƒ³ ƒòñÅ ØÍב� Øã™�¿º¨Å.
 

3.0 ½Ì‘« ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�è

2.3.1 …ÒŽÆÖ ºíì �Ýòì �ÏäÆÖ …Ò�Å ½�¹³ �êÚ ºÌ¢—œÒØí º¥, ‚›� —°Ë×›�€ã™ �¯¨,
¡òÆ œÅº‘œ€îÇò �×Ñ�þ㑨 ˜¦ …€ÌÆ‘¦ £‘îÅ —ºíì ‚òÀ º™�×´±Ö ñюòé ¶€ÒÇÖ ƒ¹°
—°Ë× °Íœî›�€ã Øã™�Å ×€�ÇÖ ‡àÅ ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�þ㠽̑« ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�è ‚�Å. ºÌ¢—œÒØò
�ñº×›�ã‘� ‡à¹° —°ËÙ�¿ º‘¥Ö�äò …ªŽ¥™€��€ã ½Í¹³ —�‘è㠇๰ ÃÆí��äò ºÆò
±ÏÀ¹±ÌŠðí—�‘¯¨ ‡à¹° —ÀË�¯¥ œ‘´±Ì›�è ‡òì �¯þ¥‘Å. ƒ´°€�Æ ‚Ý¢ �¹°€îÇÖ
—°äב™�¿ºª¥ Šòì …ÒŽÖ ‡ÖÒ‘þÀ ‹Ñ×€�ÇÖ ±ÏØ€ãÆ‘¥Ö�þã ‡òº°‘�Å. —°Ë×›�è ‡òºî
—×ìÅ £‘î™�‘ª�ÇÖ ×¹³ °´°Å —º‘ÓÚ�€ã™ �‘ª¦¢ —œÖÕŠצכ�è À‘´±ÌÅ �ÖÒ. À¹±Ì
—œ‘кÀ‘î �€×, ºÒ ‡¹±Ì›�€ã —œÕ´± …ÒŽÖ ºíºÒ —ÀËÆ‘�ź¦ µ¥´± ‚òÀ‘™�€ã
Ù¨þºíêòº‘Ö —�‘¯¨ —œÕÅ £‘±�æÀ‘Å.

2.3.2 µ‘ÆòÀ‘Ñ�è ‚âבÑ�è ב♀�ÇÖ �±ÕÅ �꿺‘� µ‘ÆòÀ‘Ñ�è ב♀�ÇÖ µ¥¹°
¶�â¢��äò ±¿»Æ´ °ò€À�þã ±ÏØ€ãÆ‘¥Ö ‡ñÅ �Ï´³ ‡à×°í�Å �°ò ×Þ …ÒŽÆÖ
¶�â¢��€ã ½Í¹³ —�‘èãÚÅ �¦™þ�‘ÓÉè〰™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. '�¯«¿ºÑ ÀéÅ" þº‘òé
ºÝź‘¥Ö�è µ‘ÆòÀ‘Ñ�äò בâØ€î ‚Ë¹³ —°äÆ Ãíº¨×°€î™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. ƒ×Ñ�è
ב♀�ÇÖ ‡Ü×‘ì ƒÆí€�™� ÂêÆ ¶�â¢��è —ÀËÆ‘Žî ‡òº€° ½Í¹³ —�‘èã �¹°€î¢
—œòéþº‘³, ‚›� ƒ€é×þî þµÌ‘�  —×俺ª¨ ºíºÒ ±¿»Æ›�€ã µ¥‘´± �Ï躑Ӵ³èã‘ò ‡òé
…¯€À€Æ ½Í¹³—�‘èŽòéîÑ. ƒ×Ñ�è °Å ×‘â™€�ÇÖ ºÖþ×ì ±ÏØ€ãÆ‘¥Ö�€ã µ¥´±, ºÒבì
þœ‘±´³Å �þ° —º‘à³ þº‘±´³Å Ù¨þºíêòº‘Ö  ƒª¨¢—œÖŽòé‘ò ‡òº³ ‹Ñ ½±Æ …¯€ÀÆ‘�
…±™Žòé³. ƒ´°€�Æ  ‚ËÚ�äò —ºÏæþº, þœ™ŽÝ‘Ñ —ºÏÀ‘ïò —ºÍƽ̑«À‘� ÃŽâ´°³.

2.3.3 ±Ì‘Ø¥ ×ÌÒ‘íêÇÆÓÖ ‹Ñ €ÀÆ ƒ¥´€°¿ »¦´±Ï¿º³Å ˆ€îÆ º¯º‘¨�äÓϹ³ ƒ°î‘Ö
þ×캨װí� �‘Ì«À‘� ƒÏ¿º³Å ƒ¹° ±ÏØ€ãÆ‘¥Ö ‡ñÅ �Ï´³´ °‘ò. ƒ™�Ï´³ —°‘¥™�´±Ö
µ‘ÆòÀ‘Ñ ×ÌÒ‘íì¢ �¹€°ÇÖ ÃŽâ™�, »é� ‡ÖÒ‘Ñ ×‘â™€�ÇÕÅ ‡ÖÒ‘ …Ò�´³ ¶�â¢��äÕÅ
�Ü×‘ì µ¥¿º€°™ �¯¥êÆÚÅ —œËŽòéîÑ. …ÒŽÆÖ ¶�â¢��€ã þ°×Ñ�ª�Å �ŸÌÑ�ª�Å Á€¥þÆ
µ¥™�Å þº‘Ì‘ª¥›�è ×Þ �¹±´³ ºÒ ½±Æ —°äÚ�€ã °ÁÝ À™�è —ºíì ÀŽâ×€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.
µ¥¿º—°ÖÒ‘Å ƒ€é×î‘Ö µ¥´°¿º¨×îþ×, À€éÆ‘� ¶òì �̹þ° ƒ€é×ò ‚ª¨×°‘Ö°‘ò ‚òÀ‘™�è
°‘Å °‘Å —œËŽòþé‘—Àî ¶€î´³ �ÖÒíº¨Žòéî ‡ò—éÖÒÅ ˜é¿º¨×€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.

2.3.4 —°Ë×›�ã‘Ö ‚¥¿º¨Å ±ÏØ€ãÆ‘¥Ö�è ‡ñÅ �Ï´³ ×ò€ÀÆ‘� °ÁÝ¢ �¹°ïÇÖ ƒ¥Å —ºé
�¦þ�‘ÓƳ —ºÍƽ̑«Å ‡ïò Á€�Æ‘�‘³. ½Ì‘«™ �Ï´³×Þ …Ò�´³ ¶�â¢��€ã™ �‘¯º³
±ÏÀ¹±Ì´±Ö ØÍב�™ �‘«¿º¨Å Šòì ‡ïñÅ, ƒÌ¯¥‘Å °¹±ÌÅ ƒ°€îþÆ €ÀÆÀ‘�™ —�‘¯¨
�鿺³ ‡ïñÅ º±òÄòé‘Å ¸–í鑯¨ —°‘¥›ŽþÆ Á� ØÍב� ½Ì‘« ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�è þ°‘òìŽòéî.
×¥—À‘ÞÇÖ ƒÏ¹° º€ÝÆ€× °ÁÞí� —�‘¯¨×Ì¿ —ºíéî. µ‘ÆòÀ‘Ñ�è ב♀�ÇÖ µ¥¹°
±ÏØ€ãÆ‘¥Ö�ª� Š¿º, ±Ï°Ò›�ª�Å µ¥¹±Ï¿ºî×í€é´ —°‘�´³ ¸–íì™�«™�‘î °Ò½Ì‘«›�è
‡à°¿ºª¥€°ÉÅ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.

2.3.5 ƒ´°€�Æ ½Ì‘«›�äÖ °ï¢�鿽€¥Æ°‘� �¢�Æ¿º �ב¢œ‘ÍÆ‘Íò �¹°½Ì‘«Å �€ÀŽòé³.
€œ×�´°‘¹°Å ƒ›� ±ÏÃÏ�€î¿ ºíêÆ ½Ì‘«™�€°�è ×ÞÆ‘� ƒÒ™ŽÆ¢ —œêþב¨Å ‚⸀Ýþב¨Å
Øã™�Ãì×€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. ±ÏÃÏ�ò צØÖ ƒ€é×ò ºíºÒ ½Í¹³ ‡ÖÒ‘ ‚òÀ‘™�è À‘ª¨Å
Ø€ãÆ‘¦ ‡Üבì �€î×ÏÅ  �×£‘îÅ —ºíìËÆ ‚¨Žòé‘ò, ‚¦—�‘¯þ¥ ƒÏ™Žòé‘ò ‡òº€°
Øã™�×°‘� ƒ¹° �¹°½Ì‘«Å º€¥™�¿ºª¨è〰™ �‘« æŽòé³. ‚â¹° …ãØÆÖ ¸®™�›�è
ºÒ×í€é™ —�‘¯¥°‘�ÚÅ ±�âŽòé³. …Ò�´³ À‘¹°Ñ ב♀�ÇÖ ‡Ü×‘ì £‘î ×ãÑ¢�
�´±™Žòé³, ‚�ÂÆÅ ‡Üבì �陎òé³ ‡òº€° Øã™�Å �í½° ƒÒ™ŽÆÀ‘� ƒ³ Øã›�Žòé³.

2.3.6 ƒ×íêí� þ×é‘� ×¥—À‘Þ ½Ì‘« ƒ±�‘œ›�äò ×Þ °Áâ º¨´°¿ºª¥€×Æ‘� �źïò
ƒÌ‘À™�‘€°ÉÅ ØÖÓ¿½´³–Ì‘ÌÍò À‘º‘Ì°ÃÅ »éÚÅ �€ÀŽòéî. ±ÏØãÆ‘¥Ö �Ï´³ ˆí½€¥´°
Šòé‘� �€ÀÆ, ƒ×íêò �Ï™�è µ‘ª¨¿½é ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�ã‘�ÚÅ ×ãѹ³è〰™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. ºÖþ×ì
µ‘¥�›�ã‘�ÚÅ µ‘ª¨¿½é º‘¥Ö�ã‘�ÚÅ ƒ€× ‡à¹³ œ‘°‘Ì« À™�è �¹€°ÇÕÅ ‚Ý þ×Ðòì×€°™
�‘¯Žòþé‘Å.

4.0 �´°Ñ ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�è

2.4.1 ½Ì‘« ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�è ºÖþ×ì —°Ë× ×¦×›�€ãÉÅ �€× ‡Üבì À‘¹°Í€¥þÆ ºÒ
±ÏØ€ãÆ‘¥Ö�€ã µ¥´± £‘î› —�‘æ´± †ËØ™Žòéî ‡òº€°ÉÅ Á� Á� —°äב™ŽØ¥,
ב♀�™ ˜ì�è �€î´€°ÉÅ ±ÏØ€ãÆ‘¥Ö�è ×Þ ½Í¹³ —�‘¯¨ ÀŽÝ, À‘ï¥Úèã´±Ö Æ‘¯¨Å
Ø¥‘³ ¶í�Å ‹Ñ þº‘™� ½´³ÇÑ —ºìŽòé³. �€î´³Å ±ÏØ€ãÆ‘¥Ö�è ×Þ µ¥™Žòé—°òé‘Ö, �¹°
±ÏØ€ãÆ‘¥Ö�è Æ‘€× ‡´±ÏØ€€ãÆ‘¥Ö Æ‘€°´ °ÏŽòé³ ‡òì �¯¥ê¹³ �×í€é  ‹Ñ …º‘Æ´±ò
 ×Þ µ¥¹þ°ìÀ‘ì  —œË³ ¶€î´°€° �€¥ÆÒ‘þÀ, œ‘±™� æƑ°€° œ±™�Ò‘þÀ ‡òì °íþº‘°´±ò
—°‘ÞÖ ¸ªº¢ �¹°€î ‡àŽòé³. ƒ¹° ‡à¢�ÇþÒ °‘ò þ°‘òêÉèãî —ºÏź‘Ò‘î �´°Ñ
ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�è.

2.4.2 …¥í»¬€ÆÉÅ …ã¿»¬€Æɹ ²Ñ™�Å ŸþÀÏ´ °Áâ �‘Ò¹ —°‘¥›Ž ×ãѹ³èã Á�Ú¹
—°‘ò€ÀÆ‘î ÀÏ´³× À‘¹±Î�™ �€Ò�è, ±ÏØ€ãÆ‘¥Ö ‡ñÅ �Ï´þ°‘¨ �Ò¹³ ½´³Ï —ºíì ±ÏÄÒÑ �‘Ò¹
—°‘¥›Ž ƒÆÓÆ ¸–ÓÆ Ã€éÇÆÖ ×Þ —œÖÕÅ �êØÆÖ ³€é�ã‘� ×ãÑ¢� —ºìŽòéî. ÀϹ³�ã‘Ö,
À¹±Ì›�ã‘Ö, ƹ±Ì›�ã‘Ö, °�¹° …º‘œ€î�ã‘Ö ¶€î´°€° �€¥Æ æÉÅ ‡òé µÅ»™€�
‡àŽòé³. ב° ØÖÒ‘� ×€ã™�ã‘Å, ÿÍÖ µ¥™�Ò‘Å, د¬Ö ºé™�Ò‘Å ‡òé Àï°ïò
ºÝ›�îÚ�ª� ƒ¹° —°Ë×›�ã‘Ö ‚�Å ±ÏØ€ãÆ‘¥Ö ‡ñÅ �Ï´³ ½±Æ ×¦Ø€î´ °ÏŽòé³. ƒ¹°
º€ÝÆ �îÚ�è ºÒ —ÀË—ºéØÖ€Ò ‡òé‘ÕÅ, ƒòì …Ò—�›�Å �鹱ϙ�Å þ×´±ÆÖ(Alchemy,
Chemistry) ‡ñÅ �êØÆÖ ³€é þ°‘òì×°í� �¦¿º€¥Æ‘� ØϹ° ƒÌœ‘Æî™ �€Ò ƒ×íêò †þ¥
þ°‘òê ÀÏ´³×´ ³€é�€ã µÒþÀ ×ãÑ´³èã³. ƒÆí€�¿ —º‘Ϫ�è ÄÓ€��è ‡òº×í€é À‘´±ÌÅ
ÀϹ³�ã‘� ºÆòº¨´³×±ÓϹ³ بºª¨, —œÆí€� ÀϹ³�ã‘� ºªº›�è,Ÿ¯«›�è, —œ¹³–Ì›�è
‡òé×‘ì ºÒ ÀϹ³×€��€ã´ °Æ‘Í´³, �³×€Ì ²Ñ™� æƑ° ºÒ »¬�ª� ÀÏ´³×› �¯¨
ÀŽâ¹°îÑ.

2.4.3 ƒ¹° º¯€¥Æ �´° º‘ÌźÍÆ´±Ö ½Ìª��ÌÀ‘î ºÒ ½±Æ �¹°€î¿ þº‘™��è …¯¥‘Ž �é™�,
—µ¨›�‘ÒÀ‘� …ì±þÆ‘¦Ï¹° ºÒ º€ÝÆ À̽�æÅ º‘ÌźÍÆ›�æÅ —ºÏ› �¯¥î´±í� ‚ã‘Žî. ‚òÀ
�™�Ö�€ã ÀϹ±î‘Ö, ÀϹ³þº‘òé …º‘Æ›�ã‘Ö, ÿ¾ ‡î¿º¨Å Šòê€î¿ —ºíì ÀŽâ×°‘Ö ÿ™Ž
Ø¥ æÉÅ; œ‘±þº°Àíé ¶€ÒÇÖ �€î×ÏÅ ƒ¹° …º‘Æ›�€ã™ —�‘¯¨ Á� þÀÒ‘î º™�× ¶€Ò™�¢
 —œÖÒ Ã¦ÉÅ; �ã€× ‚Ì‘Ë¢�ÉÅ �êÚ ‚Ì‘Ë¢�ÉÅ Ù¯; °�¹° °¹±Ì›�þã ‡ÖÒ‘¢ �™�Ö�ª�Å ×Þ
‡òéבì ÀϹ±ÆÖ þº‘òé �Ï´³™�€ã ˜ê ‹Ñ —ºÍÆ �¹°€î ½Ìª�€ÆþÆ —œË°îÑ. £‘î´ —°ä€×ÉÅ
ÀϹ°‘�þ×™ �¯¥îÑ. ��´±ÆÑ �´°Ñ ŠÏ×Íò ºÍ¾Ì«Å 2000 ‡ñÅ ¸–Ö ƒ°í�¢ œ‘òé‘� �€ÀŽòé³.
ƒ¹° �‘Ò™ �ª¥´±þÒ þ°‘òêÆ€×þÆ À¹±Ìב°Å, ƹ±Ìב°Å, œ¹±Ìב°Å, ¡ÍÆב°Å, �‘Òב°Å
‡òºî þº‘òé ºÒ ½±Æ þ�‘ªº‘¨�è, �€¥¿»¦�è.  º±î‘é‘Å ¸–í鑯¨ °´³×¿»Ì�‘œ´±ÕÅ,
º±þîÝ‘Å ¸–í鑯¨  —ºÏ¹±Ìª¨ þº‘òé ¸–í�äÕÅ —�‘›�«Ñ þº‘�Ñ þ�‘Ì™�Ñ ��´±Æ �´°Ñ�è ºÒÑ
 ¸–í�äÕÅ ƒ´°€�Æ ×‘°›�€ã™ �‘«Ò‘Å.

2.4.4 º¯€¥Æ œ›� �‘Ò´³ ½é´±€« ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�äÕÅ, Žâ�«™� ¸–í�äÕÅ ƒ€× ŠÌãÚ
Øã™�¿ºª¨èã³ ‡ïñÅ Á� ØÍב� Øã™�׳ ±ÏÀ¹±ÌþÀ Æ‘�Å. µ‘›�‘Å °¹±ÌÅ ƒ´°€�Æ
‚Ì‘Ë¢�ÇÖ Á�¢ �é¹³ Øã›�Žòé³. À¹±Ì‘Æ«™ �Ï´³™�è ƒ›þ� °‘ò Á� ØÍב�
Øã™�¿º¨×€°ÉÅ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. �°í� �¨´° ¶€ÒÇÖ €×™�™˜¦Æ°‘� ƒÏ¿º³  ºòï̯¥‘׳
¸–í鑯€¥¢ þœÑ¹° �×ב™ŽÆþÀ Æ‘�Å. ½Ìª�¢ �¹°€î�þ㑨 �´°Ñ ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�è þºÌãØÖ
þ°‘òì×°í�Å �°í� �¨Å ‡±Ñ¿½Å þ°‘òì°í�™ �‘Ì«À‘� �×ב™ŽÆþÀ ƒÏ¹³èã³ ‡òì
—°ÍŽòé³. º±î‘›� �ÖÒ³ º±€î¹°‘׳ ¸–í鑯€¥¢ þœÑ¹° �é¹°þ×‘Ñ �×£‘ïÉÅ
œ´±Æ£‘îþº‘°Å þº‘òé ¡´±Ì µ€¥ÇÖ �×£‘î ¸–í�€ã º€¥´°×ÏÀ‘ŽÆ �×£‘î ×èãÖ
þº‘òé‘€ÌÉÅ �×ѹ³ �×Ñ�ª� �¹°€î ØϹ°ä´° �鿽€¥Æ³ �×ב™ŽÆÅ.

2.4.5 �´°Ñ ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�è ºÒ ±é´°î. �€î×ÏÅ ÀÏ´³×´ ³€éþÆ‘¨ —°‘¥ÑÚ —�‘¯¥×Ñ�è
‡òº°‘Ö, …¥í»¬€Æ ÿ™�À‘þº‘Ö …ã¿»¬€Æ, ƒòñÅ �°í� þÀÒ‘î »éØ¿ »¬€ÆÉÅ ÿ™�æÉÅ
‡òé �Ï´—°‘íì€À …€¥Æ×Ñ�è. ƒÆÓÆ ¸–ÓÆ´±ò �êØÆÖ Ã€éÇÆÓí� œÀÆ ×‘â™€�€ÆÉÅ
‚âÚèã´³ ‚ËÚ´ ³€éÆ‘� ×ãÑ´° —ºÏ€À ƒ×Ñ�ª� …¯¨. ƒ×Ñ�è ×ãÑ´° €œ×Å —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ´³
—º‘Ïã±�‘Ì¢ �¹°€îþÆ‘¨ —°‘¥Ñ½€¥Æ ‚�ÀÚãØÆÖ ³€éÆ‘�þ× ×ãѹ³ €œ× œÀÆ´±Ö —ºÏÅ —ºÏÅ ±Ï¿º›�€ã™ —�‘¯¨ ×¹±Ï¿º€° �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. œÀÆ‘²°Å º�ÏÅ º±—‘Å ¸–í鑯¨ °‘ÉÀ‘î×Ñ �´°Ñ�äò °‘™�´±í� —ºÍ³Å ‚ã‘×îÑ ‡òº€° µ‘Å ƒ›� �Ï´±Ö —�‘èãþׯ¨Å.

2.4.6 �´°Ñ�è …ÒŽí�òé ºÒ µò—�‘€¥�æè Á�¢ �é¹°³  —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ´³ ±€« þ�‘ªº‘ªþ¥‘¨
—°‘¥Ñ½€¥Æ ‚ì ‚°‘Ì™ þ�‘ªº‘ª€¥ Ø¥‘³ ×ãÑ´°³Å, �þ°‘þ —°‘¥Ñ½€¥Æ°‘� �¯¥Óï
þÆ‘�´€° ×ãÑ´°³À‘�Å. þœ‘º‘î ÀéÇÖ°‘ò £‘î ×ãÑ¢� º™�× Ã±Ñ¢� ‡ò—éÖÒ‘Å º�ѹ³
½±Æ¿ ½±Æ ¶ª€¥ ×€��€ã™ ˜ê¢ —œÖŽòéîÑ. �¯¥Óï „ª¥´€°¿ ºíê Á� ØÍב� ‚˹³
�ð™�Ò™£‘îÅ ‡òéþ×‘Ñ ½±Æ´ ³€é€ÆþÆ ×ãÑ´±Ï™ŽòéîÑ. ��´±Æ �´°Ñ�äÖ ŠÏ×Ñ
�ð�€Ò™£‘îÅ ‡òé °€Ò¿»Ö ‹Ñ ¸–€ÒþÆ Æ‘´³¢ —œòìèã‘Ñ. �ݹ€°™ �ÏØÆÖ ‚ËØÖ ºíºÒ
Ãòþîíé›�€ã™ �¯¥ ƒ×Ñ�è , �êÚ ×ãÑ¢� £‘î ñѢ� ‡òº×í€éÉÅ ‚˹³ �×í€é
Ø㛎™—�‘èã ÃÆòé þº‘þ°  ‚é‘°‘Ì´³ …¯€À�€ãÉÅ �°þ —°‘¥Ñ½€¥Æ �¯¦Óï œ´±
ºíêÆ —°äÚ�€ãÉÅ —ºíéîÑ ‡òº€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.

2.4.6 ‚é‘°‘Ì™ þ�‘ªº‘ª¦€î ðò ðÓÖ Øã™�Å ¸–Ò‘� ±ÏÀ¹±ÌþÀ ±�âŽòé³. µ‘›�‘Å
°¹±Ì´±Ö ƒ°€îÉÅ ƒ°þ —°‘¥Ñ½€¥Æ ‡¯�´±�è ‡¯½´±�è Ä×€� µ‘¦�è ‡òºî þº‘òé
—�‘è€��þ㑨 �™�Ì›�è �™�Ì œ™�Ì›�è ‡òé �Ï´³™æÅ …º�Í™�¿ º¨×€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.
º±Äòé‘Å ¸–í鑯¨™�¿ »é�Å º±þîÝ‘Å ¸–í鑯¨™�¿ Ãò½Å þº‘�Ñ þ�‘Ì™�Ñ þº‘òé ºÒ �´°Ñ�è
ƒ´°€�Æ �Ï´³™�€ã ƒòñÅ ƒòñÅ ×ãÑ´³è〰™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. þº‘�Íò ˆÝ‘ÇÌ´±Ö ðÖ
Ãòñ–ì™� þÀíºª¥ º‘¥Ö�è ½±Æ þ�‘«´±Ö ‚é‘°‘Ì™ —�‘è€�€Æ Øã™�×€° �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.

2.4.7 �´þ°‘¨ ±ÏÄÒÍò ƒÌ¯¥‘׳ °¹±Ì´±Ö �‘«¿º¨Å ½Ì‘«ØÆÒ‘ŽÆ ��´±ÆÅ ‡ñÅ �€Ò€Æ
ƒ¹° �´° —ºÏÀ™�è ƒòñÅ ØÍב� ×ãÑ´³è〰ÉÅ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. ƒ¹°´  ³€éþÆ
Hermeneutic semiotics ‡î (�¦þÆî‘Ö)  —ºÆÍ¥¿ºª¨èã ‚�ÀÚãØÆÓò ÀéÇÆÒ‘�Å. ±ÏÄÒÑ ƒ°€îþÆ
��´±Æ™ �€Ò ‡òé‘Ñ. �îÚ�€ã¿ —ºÆÑ´³ �³ —œ‘ÖÒ×ÏÅ …¯€À€Æ �ê׳ þº‘òì
½Ì‘«›�€ãÉÅ �³þº‘òé £‘îÚ±¿½™�€ãÉÅ —ºÆÑ´³ �ê¹³ —°äÉÅ ³€éÆ‘�Å ƒ³. ƒ¿º¦ºª¥
‚ËÚ�€ã™ —�‘¯¥ ¸–í�€ãþÆ °Ñ™� œ‘´±ÌÅ ‡òì ƒ×Ñ�è �€Ý´°îÑ ‡òº€°ÉÅ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.
ºíºÒ ½Ì‘«™ �€°�€ã ‡¨´³ �×í€é ±ÏØ€ãÆ‘¥Ö�ã‘� À±´³ ב♀�ÇÖ µ¥™�Å ºÒ
¶�â¢��€ã ½Í¹³™—�‘¯¨´ —°äÆ �×í€é �‘¯�Й�ã‘�- Šòê€î —°äÚº¨´±™ �‘«Ú°ÚÅ
�Ï´³™�ã‘� (theory) —�‘è×€°ÉÅ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.

2.4.9 º¯þ¥ ��´±Æ™ �€ÒþÆ‘¨ —°‘¥Ñ½€¥Æ ‹Ñ�€ÒÆ‘� ×ãѹ³èã³ ‚Ð¥™ �€ÒÆ‘�Å. ƒ°€îÉÅ
ƒ¹° �´°Ñ�è �´°Ñ ‚ХŠ‡òþé ×ãÑ´³è〰 �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. ¶�â¹°³, ¶�â¹³ —�‘¯¦Ï¿º³
�°î‘Ö �¨´³ ¶�ÝØÏ¿º³ ‡òé Ù�‘ÒÚ«ÑØò ‡à×þ° ƒ¹° �´° ‚Ï¥™ �€ÒÆ‘�Å.
Ù�‘ÒÚ«ÑØò Ãï׿ —ºÏÀ™�€ã¿ þº‘òé —ºÏ¤�´°Ñ�ã‘þÒþÆ ƒ™�€Ò �鿺‘�¿ ºÇÒ¿º¨Å
ŠòìÀ‘�Å. þº‘Ó �´°Ñ�è ¶€é¹° ‹Ñ �Ý¿ºÀ‘î ³€éÉÀ‘�Å. »í�‘Ò´±Ö ƒ¹° ³–Æ �êØÆí œ‘òé
‚Ï¥™�€Ò, ¸°ÓÆ™ �‘ª�þÆ‘¨ ×ÏÅ ƒ³ þœ‘±¥™�€Ò™� ƒé™�¿ºª¨ ƒÞ¹° ¶€Ò€ÆÉÅ
�‘¯Žòþé‘Å.

2.4.10 ƒ¹° �´° ‚Ð¥™�€ÒþÆ‘¨ —°‘¥Ñ½€¥Æ ƒò—î‘Ï ‚ËÚ´³€éþÆ �€¥¿»è€ã þº‘òé �´°
—ºÏÀ™�è ×ãÑ´° º‘Ñ€×ÇÆÖ(phenomenology of perception) ‡ñÅ ³€éÆ‘�Å. �‘¯º‘ò, �‘ª�,
�‘«¿º¨—º‘Ïè ‡òº×íìè �‘«¿º¨—º‘Ïè Šòé‘� ƒÏ™� �‘¯º‘Ñ�è þ×캥 �‘ª��æÅ
þ×é‘Žòéî. þÀÕÅ �‘òº‘ò ŠÏ×þîÆ‘ŽÕÅ œ¹°Ñ¿º ¡â¶€Ò�è À‘캥 �‘ª��æÅ À‘캨Žòéî.
ƒ°€î¿ºíêÆ ‚ËÚ�þã º‘Ñ€×ÇÆÒ‘Žòé³. �€¥¿»è€ã �´°Ñ ƒ¹°¿ º‘Ñ€×�€ã µ‘°Ø¹³
�¦¿º€¥ÇÖ ‚˹³ µ‘°´±ò ‚ª� ƒ¥³ �¯¬í� ع³Øò ‚ª� ×Ò³ �¯¬í� ‡ò—éÖÒ‘Å
˜ê µ‘°þÀ ‹›Ž  ƒÏ™� �³—º‘à³ ��´þ° ¡ÍÆïò ‚ª� ‡òìŠع³þ× ‹›Ž ¶í� œ¹±Ìïò ‚ª�
‡òìÅ, ƒ€¥¿ºª¥ �Ò¿½ ¶€Ò�äÖ ƒ°Ì þ�‘è�äò ‚ª� ‡òìÅ ��´³× þœ‘±¥Å ˜ê¢ —œÖŽòé‘Ñ.
ƒ¹° ��´³× þœ‘±¥Å ±ÏÀ¹±Ì´±Ö Øã™�¿º¨Å Šòì ‡òº€° µ‘Å ƒ›� �Ï°Ö þׯ¨Å.
 

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