1.0  �Ïè ×Ý™�Å �Ï×Þº‘¨Å

4.1.1  ‡¹° ×€� …º‘Æ´€° …´±€Æ™ €�Æ‘¯¥‘ÕÅ, �×ò �Ïã‘Òòê þ×ì
‡Üבíé‘ñÅ £‘îÅ Žª¥‘³ ‡òºþ° €œ×�´°‘¹°™ þ�‘ªº‘¥‘� �‘€Ì™�‘Ö
�Å€ÀÆ‘Ñ ±ÏÄÒÑ �‘Ò´±ÓϹþ° ƒÏ¹³ ×Ï׳ ‡òº€° þÀí�¯þ¥‘Å. ƒ°ò �¦¿º€¥ÇþÒþÆ
�×£‘î þº‘°´±Ö £‘î�Ï ×Þº‘¨Å ×í½ì´°¿º¨Žòé³. ƒ€é×þî ‹Ñ ‚œ‘ÍÆÑ ÄÑ´°À‘�
×¹³ Ãò ¶òìÅ »ò ¶òìÅ þµÌ‘� —×亪¨Å £‘îÅ ½�ª¦ �Ïæבò ‡òé
�Ï´³ €œ× �´°‘¹° º‘ÌźÍÆ´±Ö ‹Ñ ×Õ×‘î ƒ¥´€°¿ —ºéÒ‘Çíì. �×£‘îþº‘°´³ ‡ª¥‘Å
¡´±ÌÅ ƒÜ×‘ì ƒ°€î ×í½ì´³Žòé³:

  ‰Å½Òò þ×¥Íò �Æѹ°€î ×ãѹ—°î´
  °ÅÃ°Ö �ÏÚÀ‘Ë´ °×´±ïÖ …«Ñ´±Øª¨
  �òïÆÅ ƒò€ÀÇò �Ìò�ÝÖ —œÕþÀ.

º‘œ¢—œÆÅ º¯®Ø™� ƒ€é×ò �ÏÃ�À‘� —×俺ª¨ ºíºÒ °×›�äÖ ØÝ€×´³ Ÿ´°À‘™Ž,
�³—º‘à³ �òïÆÁòê  �òþé ��´±Ï™�Å ƒ€é×þ Šòê´³ ¶í� Ø€ãÆ‘¨×ò ‡òŽòé‘Ñ.
ƒÜבì �ÏÃ�À‘� £‘îÅ ½�ª¨×€°ÉÅ ƒÜבì Øã™�Žòé‘Ñ.

  —ÀË£‘îÅ °‘þî Ø€ãÉŠؤ£‘î�ÒÑ™�
  �¤£‘î �¢œ�ÒÑ™� �™�ÏבË-- —Àˤ£‘îÅ
  »òñ«Ñ´³Å; �òê¿ »ÌãÆ‘�ÒÏ™�
  Ãòñ«Ñ´³Å °‘ò �Ï×‘Ë Ãò.

œ�ÒÑ, »ÌãÆ‘�ÒÑ, ؤ£‘î�ÒÑ ‡î ×ÏÅ Ä×€� ‚òÀ‘™�äÖ, ÃÅÀÒ›�ã‘ÕÅ º¹±™�¿ºª¥
œ�ÒÑ�ª� À‘ï¥ ×¦ØÖ £‘îþ°��î‘� ×¹³ £‘îÅ þº‘±¿ºò; ÃÅÀÒ›�äÖ À‘Æ‘ÀÒÅ þº‘™Ž,
—ÀËÆêÚ Øœ‘Ì€« —œËÆ×ÖÒ »ÌãÆ‘�ÒÑ�ª� £‘î´±Ö £‘îÀ‘ŽÆ —ÀËÆêÚ Øœ‘Ì€«ÇÖ Ùâ´°
×ÖÒ £‘î�Ï×‘Ë —ÀË£‘îÅ …«Ñ´³×‘ò. ƒï �òÀÀÒÃÅ þº‘™ŽÆ ؤ£‘î�ÒÑ�ª�, °‘þî
��´³ °ª�«‘ÄÑ´±Æ‘� —×俺ª¨ �×£‘îÅ ��´þ° Ÿ¥Ì¢ —œË×ò ‡òº³ ƒ°ò —º‘Ïã‘�Å
 

4.1.2 �´±Æ‘ÍÖ ƒ³ �â�¯¥×‘ì —×亨Žòé³.

 �Ïè�Ï€× ×Þº¥þ× �×ò ƒ×ò °‘ò ‚Æ
  ƒÌ›ŽÆ ב̫ŠƑ€À Âò �¯¥Å �€î€Æ
 ƒÆÖ»—ŠºÍ�´³Å ¶€î¹³Å º‘Ñ´³Å
  ºÍ¹³ ƒ€× °‘Å ‚™�À‘þº‘Ö �×þÀ ‚™�Å
 ºÍ�´³Å �¹±´³Å º‘Ñ´³Å °‘þî.
     (328)
ƒ€éÆπ㠄ª¨Å ×€�ÇÖ �Ï×Þº‘ª¦í� ðò€À —�‘¨´³ �Ü×Þ —œÖÕ›�‘þÒ
�×—ºÏÀ‘þî ºíºÒ ±ÏØ€ãÆ‘¥Ö�€ã µ¥´± �×£‘îÅ ½�ª¨×‘ò ‡î¿º¨Žòé³.
£‘î�ÏØ€î �×À‘�þ× º‘Ø™�þׯ¨Å ‡òìÅ ƒ°î‘Ö ×í½ì´°¿º¥Ò‘Çíì. ƒ°€î �Ï«¹±Æ‘Ñ
°À³ ƒÏº‘ƒÏº±Ö Á�¢ �鿺‘� �‘ª¨Žòé‘Ñ. —º¯€« ¡â —ׯ€« —ÀË�¯¥‘Ñ, ƒ×Ï™�
œ‘°‘Ì« ‹Ñ À‘ï¥î‘�¿ º¥ØÖ€Ò, ƒ€é×þî �›� —ÀË�¯¥‘Ñ ×¦ØÖ —×俺ª¦Ï¿º°‘�™
—�‘èŽòé‘Ñ.

  °ÏÀ‘ °ÏÀ´ °€Ò¶òé‘â þ×€î™
  �ÏÀ‘ �¥Ö إŠ…¯¥ �¯¥¿-- —ºÏÀ‘ò
  ±Ï—ׯ—«Ë µÖÕ–Ñ¢ Ÿþ×° ×î´°‘ò
  …Ï—×òî ×¹—°¨´°‘ò …íì

ƒ›� Ÿþ×°×î´°‘ò ‡ñÅ ƒÆí—ºÆÍÆ —ÀË�¯¥‘Ñ …ãÅ ƒ€é×þî ‚þ×�´³, �×þî °‘þîÆ‘Ë ¶òì
�Ïè ½Í¹³ °î³ �êÆ‘€À —�¨´€° ¶€î´³ ÀŽâ×€°™ �‘¯�. Ÿþ×°×î´°‘ò ‡ñÅ À‘鹿î
‚›� �‘«‘³, ��´þ° —×俺ª¨ ¶í�Å ÿÒÀ¬Á¥íì �×—ºÏÀ‘€îþÆ �‘¯Žòé‘Ñ.

4.1.3 ƒï  ��´±Ï¹³Å ºÒ×‘ì £‘îÅ ½�ª¦ �ÏæÅ ƒ€é×ò ½é´³ £‘î�Ï ×¦ØÖ —×俺ª¨Å
°�±É€¥þÆ‘Ñ™� �Ï躑ӿºò ‡òì Á� ØÍב�ÚÅ  18‚׳ ��×ÓÕÅ ˜ìŽòé‘Ñ. ƒ€é×ò
��´±Ï¹³ £‘îÅ ½�ª¥€Ò ƒÜבì �‘¯Žòé‘Ñ.

  þ�‘Ò› —�‘¯¥×‘ì …«Ì‘þ°
  £‘Ò› �‘×Òò Æ‘—îî™ —�‘僿
  —º‘Ë€Æ —ÀË—Æî¿ ½�òì €×Æ´³
  ‹¥‘¿ ¾ª€� µ‘¦ µ‘¥‘
  ‡òñª �̹³ ‡ò »ò ×¹°Ïä
  ‡ò€îÉÅ °ò€îÉÅ �êØòê ƒÆíìÅ
  ‡òî³ Æ‘—îñÅ ��¹€°É› �¯¨
  Æ‘×Ñ Æ‘€×ÉÅ Æ‘›�®¤ —œòì
  ½™�Þ¿ ½™� —ºÆÑ´³Þ¿ —ºÆÑ´³
  Á™� þº‘�Å Ø±Æ‘Ö Ø€ã´±ª¨
  ‡í º¬Æ‘ã‘Ë ‡€î¿ »ÍÆ‘þ°
  ‹¦ Âè—�î ‚¥Ö º‘Ñ´±ª¨
  ‡ò×Þ ¶òéîò ‡¹€° �òþî‘

ƒ€éÆÏã‘þÒþÆ ‹Ñ ×€�Æ‘î ב♀� �€À¹³èã³ ‡òì �êÆ‘þ° ‚òÀ‘™�è, °í—œÏ™Žò °‘þî
°ò �êØò ¶€î´°€° �€¥ÆæÉÅ ‡òì —�‘¯¨ —º‘Ë€Æ —ÀË—Æòì —�‘¯¨ …Ò� ב♀�ÇÖ
—ÀËÆêØ€î ºÆ™�‘ �íº€« ב♀� ב⹳ žÌÞÉÅ þº‘³, �¹° ‚òÀ‘™�è �êƑׯ«Å
½€°ÉÏ×‘Ë ¶òì »é� £‘îÀ‘Ë —×俺ª¨ °ò€îÉÅ ‚òÀ‘™�ã³ …¯€À �ê€×ÉÅ …«Ñ´±
�ÏæŽòé‘ò ƒ€é×ò. �°î‘Ö ‡òî³ ‡ñÅ ÀÀ�‘ÌÃÅ Æ‘ò ‡ñÅ ��›�‘ÌÃÅ —�¨Žòé³. ƒ€é×ò
Æ‘€ÌÉÅ Æ‘›�Šت¥º‘¦Ö€Ò. ‡ÖÒ‘ ‚òÀ‘™�æÅ ‹Ñ �íéä ½�¢—œËÆ ½�¹³Å, Ø¥¢—œËÆ Øª¨Å
ºíºÒ �ñº×›�€ã ر À‘鑳 �ñºØ™� €×´³ ‹Ñ º¬Æ‘ã€î¿þº‘Ö Ø¥‘³ —°‘¥ÑŽòé‘ò
ƒ€é×ò. ƒÜב—éÖÒ‘Å °‘ò ‚ª¥¿º¨×€° �êÆ‘þ° —œÖÕÅ ‚òÀ‘™�€ã Š¨Àª¦ÕÅ ‹¥ª¨Å, ‹¦
Â㪨Š‡òé×‘ì °‘ò œÒ¥‘³ �‘´±Ï¹³ °™� ºÏ×Å ×Ì °òî¦�⠶촳Žòé‘ò ƒ€é×ò
‡òì ƒ€é×ò ‡Üבì ב♀�ÇÖ ºíºÒ µ‘¥�›�è ×Þ £‘îÅ ½�ª¨Žòé‘ò ‡òº€° —°äב�
Øã™�Žòé‘Ñ.

 4.1.4 ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ ƒ€é×þî  �ÏÄÑ´°À‘�ÚÅ ×¹°Ïä Ù¨þºì �俺ò ‡òì› ˜ê �±œÇ™Žòé‘Ñ.

  —º‘Ïè Á� ×Ïè°ÕÅ —º‘Ë¿º€� Æ‘°Õ›
  €��¯¨ —�‘è—ãî™ �¥ÕÒ �êÆ
  —ÀË�¯¥ þ°×ò ‡î¿ —ºÆÑ Ø΃´
  °òñª �̹³ °‘ò Ãòî‘Ž
  °òî³¹ °‘ñÀ‘Ë ‡ò€î ƒòé‘™Ž´
  °ò€îÉÅ ‡ò€îÉÅ °¹³ °î³
  —œËÆ‘€ÀÉÅ ‡î³ —œÆÓò€ÀÉÅ
  ‡ÅÀ‘ò �‘ª¦ ‡Ë°Ö
  �ÅÀ‘ ‡î™� �±œÆ¹ °ÏþÀ

��´þ°  ¶òì ‚òÀ‘™�è �êÆ‘þ° ‚ª¦¿º€¥´³ £‘îÅ ½�ª¨Å ƒ€é×ò, °‘þî �€î´€°ÉÅ
�ÏæŽòé×ò, ‡ÖÒ‘ —º‘Ë™�Å º€�Æ‘Žòé×ò ‡òº€° ƒ¹° ºÌ¹° …ÒŽÆÖ À™�è µÒþÀ �êÆ,
—ÀË�¯¥‘€Ì¿ þº‘òé �×£‘ï�è …èã´±Ö �̹³ ¶íº³ þº‘™Ž Ãòî‘Ž ¶òì, �Ï㿺ª¥
�€î´€°ÉŠ¯¨Å °î°‘™Ž, �°ïò ‡ÖÒ‘ ºíì�€ãÉÅ ³€¥´—°‘Þ´³ µ‘ò ‡ñÅ °òÀÅ
‡Ý‘³ Š¨™Ž �°ïò °ò€î¿ºíêÉÅ ‚òÀ‘¿ ºíêÉÅ —ÀËÆêÚ  þ°‘òìÀ‘ì …º�Í´³, °î³ —œËÆ‘³
—œËÉÅ º‘›Ž€îÉÅ ‚òÀ‘™�ã³ °íþº‘°ØÝ¿€ºÉÅ �¯¨ �±œÇ¿º³°‘ò µÅÀ‘Ö ‚�™˜¦Æ³
‡òŽòé‘Ñ. ‚òÀ‘™�è ØÏŽŽòéîþב �Ö€ÒþÆ‘, £‘îþº‘°�Å µ¥¹³ —�‘¯þ¥ ƒÏ™Žòé³,
ƒ€é×ò Š¦Æ‘þ° �°€î µ¥´± —�‘¯þ¥ ƒÏ™Žòé‘ò, �°ïòê °¿»™�þב �°€î °ØÑ¿ºþ°‘
æƑ°—בòì ‡òé �꿽Šƒ›þ� Ž¥™Žòé³.

ƒ€é×ò ºíºÒ °¹±Ì›�€ã ‡ÖÒ‘ ‚òÀ‘™�äò ב♀�ÉÅ ºÇòì £‘îÅ ½�ª¦™ —�‘¯þ¥
ƒÏ™Žòé‘ò ‡òé ƒ¹° �Ï´þ° œ¥›� ¾Ñ×À‘î œÅ»Ì°‘Æ›�è ºÒ þ°‘òì°í� �‘Ì«À‘ŽØª¥³
‡òº€°ÉÅ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. ב♀�ÇÖ ‚òÀ‘™�è �êÆ‘þ° ��´±Ï¹³ ƒ€é×ò —œËŽòé×í€é
œ¥›��ã‘™Ž �Ï×Þº‘ª¦ò �¦¿º€¥ÇÖ ²™€��è °¬™€��è —œË³ Ù¨þºì �ä™�×ÖÒ°‘�
º€éœ‘íê ºÒ �Ì×Ñ�è þ°‘òìŽòé‘Ñ�è. £‘îþº‘°�Š¯¨Å ‹Ñ —°‘ÞÖ¸ªº™ �€ÒÆ‘� ƒ³þ×
ˆ³×‘Žòé³.
 
2.0 �Ï œÅ»Ì°‘Æ›�è

4.2.1 œÅ»Ì°‘ÆÅ ‡ñÅ �Ï´³ —°‘¥™�´±Ö À‘Ñ™�Å ‡òþé �ÏŽŽòé³. ±ÏÄÒÏÅ �׀̗Ƒª¦
�Ï«¹±Æ‘ÏÅ ƒ°€î ØÍב�´ °´°Å ¸–í�äÖ ØÍ™ŽòéîÑ. ±ÏÄÒÑ œòÀ‘Ñ™�Å, œ�À‘Ñ™�Å,
œí½´±Ì À‘Ñ™�Å °‘œÀ‘Ñ™�Å ‡òì µ‘›�‘� ×�´³ ƒ¹° À‘Ñ™�›�€ã Øã™�Žòé‘Ñ.
ƒ×íé‘Ö �€¥Æ™˜¦Æ þºí€é, ƒ€é×þ ˜¦Æ �òïÆÁò€À€Æ œ‘þÒ‘�Å, œ‘ºÅ, œ‘кÅ,
œ‘É¢�ÆÅ ‡òìÅ �‘¯Žòé‘Ñ. ƒ×íêÖ œòÀ‘Ñ™�À‘׳:
 
  œ‘íì¤ œòÀ‘ÑÑ™�À‘¹ °í�× °´³×´
  þ°‘íé› �ã‘î ŸÏ±¢ Ÿ¥Ñ�¯¨
  žíéÅ ŠÞ´³ �×þÆ‘� �´°Ì‘Ë™
  ˜íé´€° —×òé‘Ñ �꿽 �ê¹°‘Ñ�þã

     (1450)
‡òì �×þÆ‘�¢ �´°Ñ�ã‘� �鿽íì, °í�×À‘ŽÆ ºÌÅ—º‘Ï€ã þœ‘±×¦ØÖ �¯¨ �°ò×Þ
ÀÌ«´€° —×òì ¶í� ×Þ �‘ª¨Å Šòì ‡òŽòé‘Ñ. þÀÕÅ:
 
  €œ×¿ —ºÏ€À´ °ïµ‘Æ�ò µ¹±
  …ËÆ ×�´° �Ï—µê Šò쯨
  —°Ë×¢ �×—îê œòÀ‘Ñ™�¤ þœÑ¹³ËÆ
  €×Æ´³è ã‘Ñ™� ×�´³ €×´°‘þî
 
     (1451)
ƒ¹° �Ï—µêÆ‘ŽÆ œòÀ‘Ñ™�Å, Àï°î‘Ö þ°‘íêØ™�¿ ºª¥°ÖÒ; —°Ë×¢ �×—µêÆ‘ŽÆ
ƒ¢œòÀ‘Ñ™�´€° €×Æ´±Õèã‘Ñ™� ƒ€é×þî ×�´³ �ä´³èã‘ò. ƒ¹° œòÀ‘Ñ™�´±ò �¦¿º€¥
…쿽™�€ãÉÅ �×Ñ ºª¦ÆÓ¨Žòé‘Ñ:

  —°Í�™�¿ ¾�™�¢ �¹°€î —œËÆ¿
  ºÍ�™� �Ñ´±™� º‘³�¤ ¡¥™
  �Ϻ´± —œËÉ› �×ÒÆ´ þ°‘Ñ™�´
  °Ïô±¢ œ‘Ѿª¨¤ œòÀ‘Ñ™�¹ °‘þî

     (1452)
—°Ë×›�€ã °Í�´°Ö, ¾�´°Ö, ‚Ý �¹±´°Ö, ºíºÒב� º™±Çò þº‘íéÖ, —°Ë×›�è ‚€«×Þ
¶íéÖ ‡òº×íþ鑨 �Ϻ™± —œË°ÕÅ …쿽™�ã‘� �ê™�¿º¨×€°™ �‘¯�. ƒ€×þÆ Ã´± œ‘Ѻ‘î
¶Ò´±Ö ‚òÀ‘™�€ã¿ º¨´± £‘î´—°äØ€î´ °ÏÅ ‡òŽòé‘Ñ.

4.2.2 ƒ°í� �¨´°‘íþº‘Ö ×Ï׳ œ�À‘Ñ™�Å ‡òº³, …ÒŽÆÖ ×‘â™€�þÆ‘¨ Šª¦ ×Ï׳.

  œòÀ‘Ñ™�Å °‘þî œ�À‘Ñ™� À‘î³
  ÀòÀ‘Ñ™� À‘ô± �´±™�è €×¿º°‘Å
  »òÀ‘Ñ™� À‘î³ þºÌ‘¿ »é¹±é¹³
  …òÀ‘Ñ™� £‘î´³ …ì±É À‘þÀ
     (1461)

…ÒŽÆÖ ×Ý™�‘ŽÆ ÀòÀ‘Ñ™�´±Ö ƒÏ¹° º¦þÆ Ã´± �€¥Æþׇ¯¨Å ‡òé �¹€°þÆ‘¨ �×£‘î´
—°äØ€î �€¥ÉÅ Ã�´°‘Ö, À€éÆ‘� Ž¥™Žò逰 À€é þº‘™Ž —°äב™�Å ÃÆí�ÇÖ ×‘â×þ°
œ�À‘Ñ™�Å ‡î¿º¨Žòé³. …ÒŽÆ€Ò ‚˹³ �›� ƒ€é×€î —°ä¹³«ÏÅ þº‘™�€¥Æ³;
œ‘™ŽÌ´±Ö �²°´€° —�‘¯¨ ×ÏÅ ÃÆí�Ƴ.

ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ œ�À‘Ñ™�´±Ö …èã‘Ñ þº‘�´€° Š³™�‘° þÆ‘Ž�è ‡òìÅ ˜é¿º¨Žòé³.
 
  þÆ‘�ÃÅ þº‘�ÃÅ þÆ‘ŽÆÑ™� ‚�À‘Ö
  þÆ‘�¤ �×кŠ…íê¨Å …èã´þ°‘Ñ
  þº‘�Å ½ØÇí ½Ï¥‘Ñ´° �´±Æ
  °‘�Å ƒÌ¯¨Å �ÞÆ‘° þÆ‘Ž™þ�

     (1464)

œ‘°Ì« ב♀�€Æ ב⹳ —�‘¯þ¥, …Ò�´³ þº‘�›�€ã ³–Ë´³™ —�‘¯þ¥, �×þÆ‘�´±ò ×Þ
�×—œ‘кŠ�‘®¹ °€�þÆ‘þÌ œ�À‘Ñ™�´±îÑ ‡î¿º¨×€°™ �‘¯�.

4.2.3 ƒ°í� �¨´°‘íþº‘Ö €×™�¿º¨Å œí½´±Ì À‘Ñ™�À‘׳, Ÿ´°À‘î œÍÆ‘ŽÍ€Æ�€ã —œÜþ×
—œË°º¦ בâŽòé ב♀�Æ‘� Øã™�º¨Žòé³.

  ¾�´°Ö ב�´°Ö þº‘íéÖ —œ»´±¥Ö
  ‚œíé µíé׊בˀÀ �à™Žò€À
  þµ�´±ª¨ �òîÃÅ ÿŸ´± —œË°ÖÀíì
  ‚œíé œí½´±Ì À‘Ñ™� À‘�þÀ
     (1469)
 

 œÍ€Æ€Æ €ÀÆÀ‘™ —�‘¯¥ œí½´±Ì À‘Ñ™�Å, ��´³ �þÆ Ž¥™�Å �ÏÀòñ º‘œ›�€ã ÿ™�°í
—º‘Ϫ¨, ƒ€é ×Þº‘ª€¥ þº‘íì×°‘�Å.

4.2.4 ƒ°ïò �¨´³ ×ÏÅ °‘œÀ‘Ñ™�Å, —œËŽòé º¬—ÆÖÒ‘Å Èœíþ� ‡òì ƒ€é×ñ™þ� —°‘àź‘Ž
¶íº³ ‡î¿º¨Žòé³.

  ‡äÆîÖ ²ºÁ¥Ö ÀÒÑ—�‘Ë°Ö
  �ä±ò —Àà�Ö �³³–Ñ´°Ö בⴰÖ
  ºäÀ¬ ºíéÖ ºòÀ¤ œîÀ‘±
  °ä—°‘ÞÖ —œË׳ °‘ò °‘œÀ‘Ñ™�À‘þÀ

     (1475)
þ�‘ÇÖ ×Þº‘ª¦í� …ÍƳŠ—°Ë× ×Þº‘ª¦í� …ÍƳÀ‘ŽÆ ÀÒÑ—�‘Ë°Ö, ²º³–º› �‘ª¥Ö, þ�‘Ç€Ò™
�àØ Ÿ´°À‘� €×´°Ö þº‘òé º¬�äÖ „¨ºª¨, ‡ÜØ¥´³Å º¬ „œò º¬—Æòþé בàÅ °ò€ÀþÆ‘þÌ
°œÀ‘Ñ™�‘±Ö ºª¥‘Ì‘�Å.
»í�‘Ò´±Ö ƒÜבé‘î ±ÏÄÒÑ �Ï´³�þ㑨 …¥òºªþ¥ �Ï«¹±Æ‘Ñ °À³ �´±Æ‘ÍÖ ƒ¹° µ‘›�×€�
À‘Ñ™�›�€ãÉÅ Øã™�Žòé‘Ñ.

4.2.5 ƒ¹° À‘Ñ™� ב♀�Çò þµ‘™�—ÀÒ‘Å �×£‘î¹—°ä¹³ ƒ€é× þœÑ°þÒ ‡òìÅ
Øã™�¿º¨Žòé³. ƒ´°€�Æ À‘Ñ™�›�è À¹°Å À¹°°ÌÅ ²ØÌÅ ±ØÌ°ÌÅ ‡òéבì ×ÏÅ œ´±¶º‘°Å °¹³
œ‘þÒ‘�Å, œ‘»ÆÅ, œ‘п»ÆÅ, œ‘É¢�ÆÅ þº‘òé º°Ø�€ãÉÅ °ÏÅ ‡î¿º¨Žòé³. œ‘É¢�Æ´±ò þº‘³
‚òÀ‘™�è ¶Ì‘°‘ÌÀ‘Ë ¶í�Å ºÌ�×€î �Ïäî‘Ö �êÆ‘þ° �êÆ×ÏÅ ‡òì› ˜é¿º¨Žòé³.
 
  �êÆ‘€À �ê×�íê �êØñèþã
   �êÚ°€î �Ïäî‘Ö �êÆ‘þ° �ê¹³
  �êÆ‘þ° �ê´³ �¹°™�Ì«›�þ㑨›
   ˜¥‘þ°  ב¥‘þ° �€Ý¹±Ï¿€º Æ‘Çò
  »êÆ‘° �×òé‘þî »Í¹³ þ°‘òê¿
   »Ìº¤œ þº°—ÀÖÒ‘Å °‘î‘Ë´ þ°‘òê
  —µêÆ‘þÒ ƒ€× ‡ÖÒ‘Å �ÖÒבŽ
   ¶òì ‡òì¹ þ°‘òê¨×ò ¶Ì‘°‘Ìî‘þÆ
 
     (�´±Æ‘Ñ 282)
 
3.0 œ¥›ŽÆÖ €œ×Å

 4.3.1  ƒ¿º¥¿ºª¥ À‘Ñ™�›�è œÅ»Ì°‘Æ›�è °´°À™�ÍÆ ºÒ œ¥›��€ã …è㥙ŽÆ°‘�þ× ×ãÌ,
²™€��è ‡î¿ºª¨ ƒ€× Á� ØÍב� ‚Ì‘Æ¿º¨Žòéî.  ×Þº‘ª¦ÆþÒ‘¨ —°‘¥Ñ½€¥Æ ƒ€× Á� Á�
ºÝ€ÀÆ‘î ‹Ñ �€Ò ‡òé‘ÕÅ, —ÀË�¯¥‘Ï™�¿ »é� ‹Ñ ½±Æ —°äþב¨ ƒ€× ‚Ì‘Æ¿º¨×€°™
�‘¯Žòþé‘Å. ƒ×íêò Øã™�´€° �×£‘î �´±Æ‘ÍÕÅ …À‘º± �ב¢œ‘ÍÆ‘Íò �׿»Ì�‘œ´±ÕÅ,
»í�‘Ò´±Ö º±î‘é‘Å ¸–í鑯¨ �¯�ª¦ À€é£‘îœÅº¹°Íò €œ×œÀÆ—µêÇÕÅ
Á� ØÍב�™ �‘«Ò‘Å. Ä×€� ÀÒ›�è, �°íþ�íº Ä×€� …ÇÑ ×Ñ™�Å ‡òé ±ÏÄÒÑ �‘Ò¹
—°‘¥›Ž ºÇÕÅ �Ï´³™�è �¦¿º€¥ÇÖ ; œ�ÒÑ, »ÌãÆ‘�ÒÑ, ؤ£‘î�ÒÑ �¦¿º€¥ÇÖ, ²™€��è
º�Ì¿ º¨Žòéî. ƒ€é×þî �ÏÄÑ´°Å ÄÒÀ‘� ºíºÒ ²™€��€ãÉÅ °¬™€��€ãÉÅ µ¥´± °î³
�Ïäò —×俺‘¥‘�þ× µ¥´± ºÌº°´³è ‚ÏÇÑ�€ã ƒÏ´± Ù¨þºì  �俺ò ‡òºþ° ÄÒ™ �Ï´°‘�
Øã›�Žòé³. ƒ€é×þî �Ïב� ×¹³ ±Ïþµ‘™�‘Ö, ºÍœ´°‘Ö, ב™�‘Ö, º‘×€îÆ‘Ö ,£‘í�€ã
‹³Ø¿º°‘Ö, »Ìœ‘° þÆ‘�¿ ºÇí��ã‘Ö ƒÌ¯¨ ×€� Šã´±Í ²™€��ã‘ÕÅ ƒòñÅ ƒ³ þº‘òé
»é×íé‘ÕÅ º‘œµ‘œÅ —œËØ´³ �×£‘îÅ ½�ª¨×ò ‡òì ×í½ì´°¿º¨Žòé³.

  Ä×€� ‚ÏÇÑ ×Ñ™�Å ÀÒ´°‘Ñ �òÀ
   ÄÒÀÒ´°‘Ñ Äòì …€¥Æ‘Ñ �òþé
  ²×�À‘Å ‡î …Ï×‘Ë ×¹³ µ‘°ò
   ±Ïþî‘™�‘Ö ºÍœ´°‘Ö ±�àŠב™�‘Ö
  º‘×€îÆ‘Ö Á�¸–Ò‘Ö þÆ‘�¿ º¯º‘Ö
   ºÌØ×ÏÅ Šã´±ÍÆ‘Ö º‘œµ‘œÅ
  þÀ××Ïè …°ÚÅ Šã´±Í ƒÌ¯¨ ±éî‘Å
   ØÆò ŽÍ€Æ £‘î—Àî ØãŽÀ‘þé

     (�׿»Ì�‘œÅ 8)

4.3.2 þÀþÒ �ê™�¿ºª¥ ²™€��€ã, �׿»Ì�‘œ´±í� �í½°À‘î …€Ì�¯¥ À³€Ì �׿»Ì�‘œÑ,
ƒÜבì Øã™�בÑ: ±Ïþî‘™�‘—Òòé³, À¢œÀ‘î³ �€î€Æ¿ º‘Ñ´³ ¶í� �¹°¢ �€î
�¹° À¢œ´±ò —œ‘кŠ—ºíé‘Ñþº‘Ò, ‚œ‘ÍÆñ¯€ÀÇþÒ �´°´€° €×´³ £‘î±Ïª¦Æ‘þÒ
º‘Ñ™�À×°Ì´³ �´³×‘™�äÖ �ª¨¯¥ �òÀ›�€ã´ °Ž´³ ƒÌ‘�Øî‘þÒ Øà›ŽØ¥¿ºª¥ œ¹±Ì€î¿
þº‘Ò ÀÒ´±ÌÆ›�äÖ À€é¿½¯¨ Ž¥¹° ‚òÀ‘€×ÉÅ �¹° ÀÒ›�äÖ ÿ™�€�—Æî  Øã™�Žòé‘Ñ.
ƒï ºÍœÅ ‡òº³: º¤œ¿»ÌÀ œ¥›�›�äò —œ‘кÀ‘ÇÏ™Žé �κ¤œ‘™ŽÌ´€° ×Ò™€�ÇþÒ —µ±´³,
ƒ¹° »Ì‘Ì´° ב°€î€Æ ÿ™�°í —º‘Ϫ¥‘�¢ ž¥ñ€¥Æ °€ÒÇþÒ þœ‘±ÀÆÀ‘� €×´³ �¹°¢
þœ‘±€ÆÉÅ �×ñ€¥Æ …èæÅ ½éÃÅ ¾Ì«À‘�´ ±Æ‘ï´³ �¹° �Îùø°´°‘þÒ �×ñ€¥Æ  …¥Å»Ö
º¤œ�Ò‘´°‘î›�€ãÉÅ ºÍ�´³ ב°€î€Æ ŠÞ¿º³ ‡òŽòé‘Ñ. בœ� ²™€�Ƒ׳ º± ºŸ º‘œ´±ò
…¯€ÀÆ‘î �κ¤œ‘™ŽÌ´€° £‘î—בäÉ¥þî ˜¦ …ºþ°�´°Ö ‡òŽòé‘Ñ. µ‘ґ׳ º‘×€îÆ‘—Òòé³
ž¥€î´ °ò€î¿ þº‘Ò ¶òÀÒÀ‘�¿ º‘Ø´³¿ »Ìº¤œ¿ ºíéé ÀÒ´±ÌÆ›�äÖ þ°‘ËÚ �é ¶ì´³€�
‡òŽòé‘Ñ. �¨´°°‘� Á�¸–—Òòé³, ƒ¹° Àé�—ãÖÒ‘Å ƒ×ñ™� œ¹þ°�¹ ²Ì¢ œ‘´±Ì›�äþÒ
Š¿½™—�‘¨´³™ þ�ª¥Ö �¹±´°Ö —°ä°Ò‘Éèã Ä×€�ÇñÅ ¶ì´³€�Æ‘Å. ‚é‘׳ þÆ‘�¿
º¯º‘—Òòé³ �ª¥‘›�þÆ‘�´±î‘þÒ Àþî‘Ø�‘Ì´€° Æ¥™�Ø´³ ¶ª€¥€Æ ½Í€�Æ‘�Å ‡òŽòé‘Ñ.
�Ú´±Í ‡òº³ �¯¥À¯¥ÒÁª¨ �™Žï�‘ÍÆä —œË³ º‘œ¢œÆÅ º¯®×°‘�Å.

4.3.3  ƒ¹° �¦¿º€¥ÇþÒ°‘ò œÍÆ‘±�€ã¿ºíêÆ ‚ËÚ�æÅ »é™Žòéî.  ƒ×í€é¿ —º‘³×‘�
�‘®Á¥´³  ºÒ×€�¿ºª¥ ²™€��ã‘þ×  …À‘º±Æ‘Ì‘Ö —�‘㿺¨Žòé³.

  ØÏÅ»Æ À¹±Ì‘±�‘ÌÅ �Ñ¢œî‘±�‘ÌÅ
   þÀÚÅ þÆ‘�‘±�‘ÌÅ ‡î¢ œÀÆØþœ¥Å
  ×ÏÅ; —º‘ÏØÖ ¶Ïב« À¹±Ì›�è º°›�è
   ×òî›�è ½×î›�è °´³×›�è �€Ò�è
  ƒÌ›�€¥ØÖ —°‘€� º±—î‘òì ‡¯º´—°‘òì ‰Åº´—°‘òì
   ƒÏ¸–íþ鑨 ƒÏº´³ µ‘Ò‘ì ‰¹±í
  ºÌ¹° —µê �ì×€�ÉÅ ŠÏØ ¶€î×Í°‘Å
   ºÌº°´³è …ÇÑ ØÌ׿ ºÇíì Àòþé

     (�׿»Ì�‘œÅ 9)

œÀÆ¢ œ¥›�ã‘×î, ƒ¢�™�¿ºª¥ À¹±Ì›�€ã —œ»´°Ö, �Ñ¢œ€î�€ã —œË°Ö, »Ìœ‘°
þÆ‘�¿ºÇí��äÖ „¨º¥Ö ‡òºî œÀƲ™€�ÇÕÅ Øþœ¥²™€�ÇÕÅ ¶í�Å. ƒ×íêí� þÀÒ‘ŽÆ
¶Ïב«´²™€�, À¹±Ì›�è º±—î‘òì ‡òìÅ º°Å ‡¯º´—°‘òì ‡òìÅ, �™�ÌÅ
‰Åº´—°‘òì ‡òìÅ, ½×îÅ ƒÏ¸–íì ƒÏº´³ µ‘Õ ‡òìÅ, °´³×Šÿº´°‘ì ‡òìÅ �€Ò�è
‰¹—°òìÅ ‚� ƒ›šîÅ  Ø͹° ×Þ ‚ì »Ì�‘ÌÀ‘ŽÆ �´³×‘™�€ãÉŠت¨ ÿ›Ž, Àî±î‘Ö
¶€î´°í �Í°‘ŽÆ þÀÒ‘î �׺°À‘ŽÆ œ‘É¢�Æ´±þÒ ‚òÀ‘€×¿ —º‘Ϲ³Åº¦ —œËÉÅ. ƒ°î‘Ö
Ù¨þºì �䙎òé ²™€�Æ‘� ¶Ïב«²™€� �Ï°¿º¨×€°™ �‘«Ã¦Žòé³.

4.3.4 ƒ¹°´ —°äØò �¦¿º€¥ÇþÒ°‘ò œÍÆ‘±�€ã …¯€ÀÆ—°òìÅ …º‘Æ´°—°òìÅ ƒÏ×€�¿
º¨´± �×íêò þ×íì€À�€ãÉÅ Øã™�Žòé‘Ñ.

  ŽÍ€Æ—Æî ÀÏÚÅ �€× Æ‘ÚÅ £‘îÅ
   Ž€¥´°í� ¶Á´°—Àî™ Žã™�Å; …¯€À¢
  œÍ€Æ ŽÍÆ‘þÆ‘�´ °ò€ÀþÆ‘Ñ™�¢
   œ‘þÒ‘� œ‘º œ‘к›�è
  ÀÏØǨÅ; …ÆÑ£‘îÅ ƒÑ¯¥‘Å À‘é‘
   ÀÒÅ ��Ö ��Ò‘° Àòñ þº‘°´
  ±Ï×Ïè Šò—éòì �°€î´ —°äÆ þב³Å
   �ב�ÀÅ ‡òì …Ò�êÆ¢ —œ¿½Å ¸–þÒ

œÍÆ‘ŽÍ€Æ�è �€î´±ò —ÀËÆ‘î þµ‘™�Å �×£‘î´—°äÚ �€¥°þÒ. ƒ¹° þµ‘™�´þ°‘¨
—œËÆ¿º¨Žòé ŽÍÆ‘±�þã …¯€ÀÆב�Å. »é—×Ò‘Å …º‘Æ¢ œÍÆ‘±�ã‘�Å. …¯€ÀÆ‘î
œÍÆ‘±�€ã —œËþבϙþ� œ‘þÒ‘�‘± º°Ø�è ×¹³ìÅ. þÀÕÅ ×¹°€ÀŽòé £‘î´±Ö, ±Ï×Ïþ㑨
˜¦ ‚«×ÀÒ´±ò ×Õ¿»¦ ÿ›Ž �×£‘î´—°äÚ �ñº×¾Ñ×À‘� �ê׳ Šòì; Àí—é‘òì ƒ´°€�Æ
£‘î´€° °ò …è契�™ —�‘¯¦Ï™�Å �ב�À›�è þº‘òé×í€é ‹± …«Ñ×°‘�Å.

ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ £‘î´—°äÚ ¶€Ò�€ãÉÅ   �°í�ÍÆ œ‘°î›�€ãÉÅ ƒòñÅ Øã™� Á� ØÍבî
�×´€° þº° ‚ËÚÅ þÀí—�‘㿺¨Žòé³. ±ÏÀ¹±Ì´±ò ‡ª¥‘Å °¹±Ì´³ ؜ƛ�è ½±Æ �®�
ÀéþÆ‘¨ ¯¨Å ‚Ì‘Æ¿º¨×€°ÉÅ ºÒ ½±Æ ¸–í�äÖ �‘«Ã¦Žòé³.

4.0 °œ™ŽÌÀ´ —°äÚ

4.4.1 ÿ—º‘Ïè …¯€À�€ãÉÅ �×íêò ƒÒ™�«›�€ãÉÅ ƒÆÓÆ ¸–ÓÆÅ ×àב³
ƒ¹° ºÌ¹° …Ò�´€°þÆ ‹Ñ —ºÏ¸–Ò‘�™ —�‘¯¨ ‚˹³ ‚â …¯€À�è ºÒ×í€é
¶ì´±Æ �㿺ÏÅ —ºÏ€À —ÀË�¯¥‘Ï™þ� …¯¨. �×̳ �×£‘îþº‘°Å °¹°
—°äØò ×ÞþÆ °‘ò �Ï«¹±Æ‘Ñ �™�‘Ò´³ Øã›ŽÆ ‡ÖÒ‘ œÀÆ›�€ãÉÅ
ºÌº™�À‘™Ž ÿ—º‘Ïè ˜ìÅ €œ×´€° Ÿº™�À‘Ž, œÍ€Æ ŽÍ€Æ þÆ‘�Å £‘îÅ
‡òé ÀéÇÖ œÀÆ ×‘â™€�Çò ƒÒ™�«›�€ã —°äÚ º¨´³Å þº‘³
ƒ€éÆÏä€î „ª¨°í�ÍÆ œ‘°î›�þã ƒ€× ‡òŽòé‘Ñ. —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ´³
…´±ÇÆÖ �´°Ñ�äò °¹±Ì›�ã‘� ƒÏ¿º³ þº‘Ë, �Ïè „ª¥´±ò œ‘°î›�ã‘�
—�‘㿺¨Žòéî. ƒ³ �×£‘îþº‘°´³ œ‘°î‘ØÆÖ —�‘¯¨ ×¹° ±Ï¿ºÀ‘�Å ƒ³.

4.4.2 ƒï …À‘º± �ב¢œ‘ÍÆ‘Ñ, ²™€� ×€�Æ‘Ö º‘œ¢—œÆÅ —œË°Ö, º‘œµ‘œÅ
Ø€ãØ´°Ö ‡òº€° ×í½ì´±, ƒ¹° º‘œµ‘œ´€°ÉÅ �°î‘Ö ×ÏÅ �êÚ´
—°äÚ�€ãÉÅ °œ™ŽÌÀ‘™Ž —×亨´³Žòé‘Ñ. º‘œÀ³ ��Ò, ‚òÀ‘ —°èãêÚ
—ºì×°€î '‚òÀ °ÍœîÅ' '‚òÀ Ÿ´±' ‚òÀ Ò‘ºÅ' ‡òé Äòé‘� ×€�¿º¨´±
�‘¯Žòé‘Ñ. ƒ€× ‚òÀ‘ À‘Ò›�è ÿ›Ž ºÌ£‘î´€° —°äÉÅ þº‘³ �€¥Žòé
�×´€° ¶€Ò�ã‘Å. ƒ€×þÆ »í�‘Ò´³ °œ™ŽÌÀ›�ã‘�-- º´³ ×€�
¶€Ò�ã‘�-- º�´³ ×€Ì —œËÆ¿ºª¥î. …Ò�´³ �€î´³ —º‘Ϫ�€ãÉÅ …èãבì
�¯¨ —ÀËÆêÚ —ºìÅ —º‘àþ° ƒ€é×€î¿ ºíêÆ —ÀËÆêÚÅ �°î‘Ö °ò€î¿
ºíêÆ —ÀËÆêÚÅ �°î‘Ö °‘ò º‘œÿ™�ÃÅ —ÀËÆ‘�Å ‡òŽòé‘Ñ. ƒÜבì
Ÿ´°À‘Ž Ÿ¥ÑŽòé —º‘àþ° ƒ€é×þ  …íé �¹¶ÆÅ þº‘™Ž »ÍØòêÉÅ
þº°ÁòêÉÅ ÃíêÕÅ Š´³¿þº‘Ë …¥›Ž€Æ¹³ Ž¥™�Å —ºÏÅþºì �´±™�Å
‡òŽòé‘Ñ. »é …º‘Æ›�ã‘Ö ×Ï׳ º°Ã´±�þã °ØÑ´³ ºÌô± �ÖÒ ‡òìÅ
˜ìŽòé‘Ñ.

4.4.3 ƒ°þ —°‘¥Ñ½€¥Æþ° º±€î¹°‘Å ¸–í鑯¨ �íéÅºÒ µ‘¦�è ðí
—�‘¯¨ °ÁÝ¢ �¹°€îÇÖ —ºÍ³Å ×ãѹ° °´³×™ �Ýí�Æ‘Ö ºÌô± ‡ñÅ
þ�‘ªº‘¥‘�Å. Ÿ´° Ÿ´°‘Ÿ´° �Ÿ´° °´³×›�è ‡òé×‘ì …Ò�´³ ¶�â¢��è
�€î´±í�Å, �꿺‘� �êØò �×´€°�äò þ°‘íé´±í� �‘Ì«À‘� ƒÏ™�Å
ÄÒ™˜ì�€ã, ÿº´³ ‚ì ‡òìÅ —°‘òñ–íé‘ì ‡òìÅ ƒòñÅ ºÒבé‘�ÚÅ
�¬´³, °�¹° £‘îØœ‘Ì€«ÇÖ, °‘ò �³×ÖÒ �³×ÖÒ ‡òì �êØïí
—éäב�, ƒ¹° °´³×›�€ã Ÿª¨¿—º‘Ïã‘� ‚�þ× �¹¶ÆÀ‘�™ �¯¨ �°î‘Ö
�Ýòì Ÿ´°À‘Ž —œÕÅ —œÒØÖ �¹¶ÆÅ ‚™�¿º¥‘ ×€�ÇÖ ƒÏ™Žòé ƒ€é×þ
�¥›Ž Šòê´³¿ þº‘×þ° ºÌô± ‡òé×‘ì ƒ¹° ºÌ¢—œÒÚ Øã™�¿º¨Žòé³.

4.4.4 ƒ¹° �íéÅºÒ µ‘¦�äò À‘«×Ì‘ŽÆ °´³×¿»Ì�‘œÑ ‡òº‘Ñ —œË°
'°´³×¿»Ì�‘œÅ' ‡ñÅ —ºÏ¸–ÓÖ ƒ¹° £‘î¢ —œÒØÖ ×ÏŠÿ—º‘Ïè�€ã¿
ºíêÆ �êØò —°äÚ�€ã ÿº³ �×°Ì›�ã‘� ×€�¿ º¨´± ƒòñÅ ØÍב�™
˜ê¢ —œÖŽòé‘Ñ. º¯¥‘Ì œ‘´±Ì›�äÖ Šòé‘ŽÆ °œ�‘ÍÆ Øã™�Å ‡ñÅ
—ºÏñ–ÕÅ ƒ°€î ƒòñÅ ØÍ™�Å. ³�ãì þº‘°™ �ª¥€ã ‡ñÅ �ì ¸–Ö
ƒ´³€éÇÖ Á� �鿺‘î Šòé‘�Å. �íéÅºÒ µ‘¦�è À‘«×Ñ ŠÏ×Ì‘Ö Æ‘™�¿ºª¥°‘�´
—°ÍŽòé³.

4.4.5 ƒ¹° °´³×™ �Ýí� ¶€Ò™� £‘îØœ‘Ì€î —œËÉÀãØÖ ŠÏ×ò º™�׿º¥
þׯ¨Å. ƒ¹° º™�×´€° �€¥Æ, ‚òÀ ×ãÑ¢�€Æ Æ‘³ —�‘¯¨ ×ÏŽòé³ ‡òé þ�èØÉÅ
ƒ°þ …¥ò ‡Ý, œÍ€Æ ŽÍ€Æ þÆ‘�Å £‘îÅ ‡ñÅ �×£‘î´€° ¶Á´°À‘�™ —�‘¯¥
—œÆÖ�è ‡òºþ° ƒ°í� Ø€¥Æ‘Ž �×íêò º‘Ö ºÒ Ø°À‘î ‚Ì‘Ë¢��è —œòéî. ƒ×íêò
ØÍØ€î ºÒ ×¥—À‘Þ ‚�À ¸–í�äÕÅ '°´³×¿»Ì�‘œÅ' '¶´±Æ�òÀ —µê' ' €œ×¾œîÅ' þº‘òé
ºÒ °Áâ ¸–í�äÕÅ �‘«Ò‘Å. ƒ´°€�Æ ‚ËÚ�æÅ,
 
 '�‘®Å �¯®™� �‘ª¨Å …ãÅþº‘Ö
 �‘« …èã´€° �¯¨ �‘ª¥Óò
 �ÆÌ‘ �ò»ò �Ìò �ÝÖ —œÕþÀ'

‡òìÅ
 '—œÅÀÒÑ þµ‘¹°‘è þœÌÖ Šª¥‘
 �ÅÀÒ› �߃ �òºþÌ‘¨ À΃
 À‘Òé þµÆÅ ÀÓ¹°×Ñ þ×¥ÃÅ
 ‚Òƹ °‘ñÅ �Ìò ‡î´ —°‘àþÀ'

‡òìÅ —ÀË�¯¥‘Ñ °À³ �×£‘îþº‘°´±Ö Ø㙎ÆÏäÆ°í� Š¿º �€À¹° ØÍÚ�ã‘�™ �‘«Ò‘Å.
—ÀË£‘îÅ ‡òº³ ƒ€é×î‘Ö …«Ñ´°¿º¨Å Šòì, ºÖþ×ì ×€�ÇÖ �Ï ÄÑ´°À‘Ë ¶òéæבò ‡òé
ƒ™�Ï´þ° €œ× �´°‘¹°´±ò €ÀÆ™ �Ï´°‘� ƒòéãÚ ƒÏ™Žòé³. …èã´±Ö Ž¥™�Å þת€��þã,
�¯�è ‡€°™ �‘«þׯ¨Å ‡òº€° ¶ì´³×³ þº‘Ö, …èã´±ò þת€��€ã ¶ì´³Å ƒ€é×þî,
�¹° …èãþÀ °‘î‘� ¶í�Å ƒ€é×þî �¹° …èã´€° …èãב �ê¹³ …¯€À€Æ …«Ñ´° ×ÖÒ×ò.
�°î‘Ö �×ò Æ‘³ —œ‘ÖŽòé‘ò ‡òì �ê¹³ —°ä×þ° —ÀË£‘îÅ —ºÏÅ ×Þ ‡òìÅ �€×þÆ ƒ¹°
œÍÆ‘±�è ‡òìÅ �ÏäÆÖ Øã™�Å �‘¯Žòé³.

4.4.6 œ�œ ÀÒÀ‘ŽÆ ‚«× ÀÒÅ, £‘î±þÌ‘°�À‘Ë ¶òì ‚òÀ‘™�è �×£‘î´€° —ºé—בª¥‘³
°¨´³ ¶íº°‘Ö, ƒ¹° ±þÌ‘°�´€°  ��íì×þ° ב♀�ÇÖ þׯ¥íº‘Ò°‘Žòé³. ƒŒ³ ƒ€éÆÏ€ã
„ª¦, …è—ã‘—Ò‘ä —ºÏ™Žî‘Òòê æƑ—בòì ‡òº±ò, ƒ€éÆϪ º±Ø€î �±�Í´³ ÀҺͺ‘�Å
—�‘¯¨ ×ÏÅ ºÖþ×ì …´±�ã‘� œÍÆ‘±�è Øã™�Å �‘¯Žòéî. œ´°êÚÅ �œ´°êÚÅ ŠÏ›þ�
�‘«™˜¦Æ œ°œ´°‘ŽÆ ‚òÀ‘, ƒ´°€�Æ …´±�äî‘Ö �œ´°êÚ�€ã´ °ÏÅ Ÿª¨ ÿ›Ž, �êØî‘Ö
�ê×—°‘Þ¹³ ƒ€é×þ Šòê ƒ€éÆÏã‘Ö �¯¨ œ´°êþ× °ò �ê×‘Ë ¶òì »ò œ´³Å �ÖÒ‘
�œ´³Å �ÖÒ‘ œ°œ´°‘ŽÆ �×£‘îþÀ £‘îÀ‘Ë ¶í�Å ¶€Ò€Æ ‡ËÆ …°Ú×îþ× ƒ¹° œÍÆ‘±�ã‘�
Øã™�¿º¨Žòé³. �³ �³—×òì Ÿª¥êÉÅ þº‘™ŽÓϹ³ �Ýòì, �€î´—°‘¨Å �µ¹¶ÆÀ‘� ¶òéêÉÅ
ºÌô± ¶€Ò™� ×ãÌ …°ÚÅ …´±�þã ƒ€éº¬ ¶íéÖ ‡òº±ò ØÍב� ƒ¹°¢ œÍÆ‘±�è ½³ Øã™�Å
�‘¯Žòéî.

4.4.7  ƒ´°€�Æ œÍÆ‘±�è °´³×™ �Ýí� —œË°í� ˆ³×‘Žòéî. œÍ€Æ�þã —œËÆ ×ÖÒ×ò,
°´³×™ �Ýí� —œË³ �ê³ Ø¨º¥, ŽÍ€Æ�è —œËÆ ×ÖÒ×ò ‚Žòé‘ò. »é� °´³×™�Ýí� ƒòñÅ
—°‘¥Ì, �×þÆ‘�Å —œËÆ ×ÖÒ×ò ‚Žòé‘ò. ƒòñÅ ƒòñÅ ƒÜבì �Ýòì Ÿ´°À‘� æØÖ
£‘°Å ½� ×ÖÒ×ò ‚Ž, �×£‘î ‚ËØÖ Ø๳ À‘°×´±Ö ØÝ, °ª�«‘ÄÑ´± צØÖ ƒ€é×ò
��´þ° ÙíêϹ³ ¡òÆ œÅº‘œ€îÇò �×£‘îÅ …ºþ°�´³ �Ïã, ‚òÀ‘ÚÅ �°€î �ê¹³ Ù¨þºì
�€¥¹³ °î³ —µ¦Æ »Ìº¤œ¢ —œÒØ€î 晎òé³.

4.4.8 ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ °´³×™ �Ýí��è ×Þ ‚òÀŸ´± —œË°ÕÅ, �¹¶ÆÅ þº‘™Ž �€î´€°ÉÅ �µ¹¶ÆÀ‘�
ƒ€éÆÏþ㑨 ˜¦þÆ �êÉÀ‘ì †Ë°ÕÅ ƒ€éÆÏã‘Òòê µ¥×‘³, ƒ³ÚÅ ƒ€é×î³ º¤œŽÏ´±Æ´±Ö
�¥›�Å ‡òº€° º±þîÝ‘Å ¸–í鑯¨ �°ÅºÌµ‘° Ãï×Ñ °À³ Á� �鿺‘î 'º¤œ±�‘Ì Øã™�Å'
‡ñÅ ¸–ÓÖ ±éź¥ Ø㙎Éèã‘Ñ. œ‘™ŽÌÅ —œ‘¿ºîÅ Ÿà´± ³ÍÆÅ ³ÍÆ‘²°Å ‡î¿º¨Å �×´€°�€ã
‚òÀ‘™�è º¨°í�Å �×íêÖ �€× ˆê ƒé›�°í�Å �‘Ì«À‘� ƒ€é×î³ º¤œŽÏ´±Æ›�þã
�€ÀŽòéî —×òì ƒ€é×î³ ‰¹—°‘ÞÖ�ª� ðò€À °¹³ ƒ¿º¦ �×î³ �Ïäí� º‘´±ÆÀ‘�Å
—œÆÖ�ã‘� œÍÆ‘±�ª� Øã™�Å °ÏŽòé‘Ñ.

4.4.9 ƒ¹° º¤œ±�‘Ì Øã™�™ �Ï´³™�è, �¯®€¥Æ ×èãÒ‘Íò �Ï´³�€ã Šª¦ ‡à¹°€×
‡òº€° µ‘Å �Ï´±Ö —�‘ã þׯ¨Å. —ÀË�¯¥‘Ñ, ‚òÀ‘™�è œ�œÀÒ´ —°‘¹°€îÆ‘Ö, º¤œ‘×´€°�è
ºª¨ ¶í�Å, £‘î´±Ö Ã±Ì, œ‘™ŽÌ´±Ö �²°´€°™ —�‘¯¨ ×¹³ ¶ª€¥ ˜¦ �€î´³Å Ÿª¦òê
�ê¹³ ÀŽàÅ ‡òì ˜ê¿ þº‘�, �×Ï™�¿ »ò ×¹° �¯®€¥Æ ×èãÒ‘Ñ, ƒÜ×‘ì ‚òÀ‘™�è
º¤œ‘×´€°¿ º¨×³Å æØÖ œ‘™ŽÌ‘²°Å ‡Ë׳Šƒ€é×î³ º£ŽÏ´±Æ›�äòê µ¥×‘³ ‡òì ±éź¥
'ŠÞØ—Ò‘¨™�Å' ‡ñÅ °À³ ¸–ÓÖ Øã™�, �°í� …€Ì�¯¥ �°ÅºÌµ‘° Ãï×Ñ, �™�Ï´€°þÆ ƒòñÅ
ØÍ´³ ±éź¥ Æ‘´° ¸–þÒ º¤œ±�‘Ì Øã™�Å ‡ñÅ ƒ¹¸–Ò‘�Å. ‚� �×þÆ‘�´€° º¤œŽÏ´±Æ›�äò
×ÞÆ‘� Ø㙎, �°€îÉÅ ƒ€éÆÏã‘Ö ‚׳ ‡òì —°äÆ …°Ú°‘� ƒ¹° ¸–Ö Øã›�Žòé³.

5.0 œí�Ï ƒÒ™�«Å

4.5.1 ‚Æ¿º¨Å —º‘Ï€ã ‹Ñ ƒÒ™ŽÆÀ‘�™ �¯¨ —×俺ª¨ ¶í�Å ½éÚÏ€×™ —�‘¯¨ —×俺¥‘³
¶í�Å ½€°ÉÏ™�€ã™ �¯¨ —º‘ÏäÆÖØ€î —°äב™�×þ° ƒÒ™�«Å �‘¯º°‘�Å. ƒÒ™�«À‘�
¶íºî ‚˹³ �‘®›�‘þÒ —°òº¨×î. ƒ¹° ‚ËÚ —µêÉÅ ƒÆÓÆ ¸–ÓÆ —µêÆ‘� ƒÏ™�Åþº‘þ°,
ƒÒ™�«›�ã‘� �êÆ¿ºª¥€× ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�äÖ —ÀËÆ‘�™ Ž¥™�Å …¯€À�ã‘� Ø㛎 —º‘ÏãêØ€î
ºÆ¿»™�Å. —°‘Ö�‘¿»ÆÑ �‘Ò´±þÒþÆ, —œ‘í�€ãÉÅ —œ‘í�ã‘Ö �€À¹° ×à×íé —œ‘í—é‘¥Ñ�€ãÉÅ
‚˹³ —œ‘ÖÓÒ™�«Å ˜êÆþ°‘¨, œ‘°‘Ì« À™�ã³ Šà™�›�€ãÉÅ �×Ñ�è ºÖþ×ì ¡â¶€ÒÇÖ
ºÇÖŽòé ŽãØ�€ãÉÅ ƒÒ™ŽÆÀ‘�™ —�‘¯¨ À™�ã³ ƒÒ™�«´€° ‚˹° ±é´€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.
°Ò×ñ™�ÍƳ ƒ³, °€ÒØ™� …ÍƳ ƒ³, º‘›�í� …ÍƳ ƒ³, º‘›Ž™� …ÍƳ ƒ³ ‡ò—éÖÒ‘Å
Ø㙎 �×Ñ�ã³ ƒÆÖ»€î ½Í¹³ —�‘èã ÃÆÖ×€° —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ —º‘Ïã±�‘Ì´±Ö �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.
»í�‘Ò±Ö ƒ¹° ÀéÇÆþÒ Ã€éÇÆÒ‘�™ —�‘¯¨ °ÁÝ¢ �¹°€î ‹Ñ °ï¢ �é¿þº‘¨ ×ãѹ³è〰ÉÅ
�‘¯Žòþé‘Å. œí�Ï Æ‘Ñ �œí�Ï Æ‘Ñ, œíž¥ò Æ‘Ñ, �œíž¥ò Æ‘Ñ ‡òì þ�ª¨ Øã™�› ˜é×¹°
�×£‘ï�è ƒ×Ñ�€ã ‡ÖÒ‘Å ƒÒ™ŽÆÀ‘�™ —�‘¯¨, �×Ñ�è °Å …Ï×´±ÕÅ Šà™�´±ÕÅ ½€°¹³
Ž¥™�Å ƒÆÖ½�€ã —×亨´± Øã™�×€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. ƒ°ò —°‘¥™�´€° £‘î™ �ÏÛÒÀ‘�´
±�àÅ ±ÏÀ¹±Ì´±þÒþÆ Á� ØÍב� ƒÏ¿º€°ÉÅ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.

4.5.2 ±ÏÄҀ̿ —º‘Ï´° ×€ÌÇÖ, £‘î�Ïב� —×亨׳ �×—ºÏÀ‘þî ‡òº±Ö ‡ÜØ° ‰Æ¿º‘¨Å
—�‘¯¦Ò‘³ ƒÏ™Žòé‘Ñ.

  ‡ÖÒ‘ ÚÒŽí�Å �¿º‘þÒ‘ò ƒ¿º‘Ò‘Ë
  µÖÒ‘Ñ …èã´³ Á™�Ïè µÖ�Ò‘Ö
  ‡ÖÒ‘ÏÅ …ËÆ™—�‘¯¨ ƒ›þ� �ä´°Ò‘Ö
  —œ‘Öґѹ° µí�Ï Ÿ´° �×þÀ.
     (1551)

Ÿ´° �×À‘ŽÆ ºÌÅ—º‘Ïþã, ‡ÖÒ‘ÚÒŽí�Å �¿º‘Ò‘Ë ¶òéþº‘±ÕÅ �Ïäò �‘Ì«À‘�, ƒ¿º‘Ò‘Ë
—×ä×¹³ ³–Æ …èã´°Ñ ��´þ° —×俺ª¨ �×£‘îÅ þº‘±´³, �€î×ÏÅ …˹³ Ù¨þºé ÀŽÝ
…°Ú°Óò �Ïב� Øã›�׳ �íº À‘ï¥î‘� ƒÏ™� æƑ³, ƒ¹° Ÿ´° �×À‘�þ× ƒÏ™�þׯ¨Å
‡òŽòé‘Ñ. ƒ°î‘Ö �×�ÏÚÅ �×—ºÏÀ‘ñÅ þ×éÖÒ Šòþé ‡òé �Ï´³Å ‡à×€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.
ŠÏ×ò ��´þ° ³–Ì´³ ½€°ÉÏב� ¶íº³þº‘Ë, ½éÚÏב� ¶òê¥þ×´°‘ò ŠÏ×ò �×�ÏבŽòé‘ò.

  �Ïþ× �×—Àî™ ˜êîò µ¹±
  �Ïþ× �×—Àî™ �ê´þ°‘Ñ ‚Ñ
  �Ïþ× �×ñÀ‘Ë™ þ�‘ñÀ‘Ë ¶í�Å
  �Ïþ× …€ÌÉ«Ñ ×íé´þ°‘Ñ þ�‘þ×.
 
     (1556)

�×£‘îÅ —°äØ™�×ÖÒ �×�Ï, ºŸ´³×Å ‡Ý‘×€� �×î‘Ö ÃíêÕÅ ‚ª—�‘è㿺ª¥, �°ïò
þÀ‘îô±€ÌÇò �×£‘îÅ ½�ª¨Å °ª�«‘ÄÑ´±Æ‘ŽÆ �×—ºÏÀ‘þîÆ‘�Å ‡òŽòé‘Ñ ƒ›�.
 

4.5.3 ƒ¹°´ —°äþ× œí�Ï Æ‘Ñ ‡òì ƒÒ™�«Å �‘òº°í�Å …°ÚŽòé³.
 
  º‘œ´€°™ ˜ª¦þÆ �ª¦¿ ºê´±ª¨
  þµ�´° �‘ÆŠبش³ þµÑþµþÌ
  ˜œíé ô±Çí ˜ª¥Ò‘ µ‘ª¥´°³
  ‚œíé œí�Ï �ÅºÒ À‘þÀ.

     (1549)
º‘œ¢—œÆÅ º¯®Ø´³ �°î‘Ö �íº …¥Ö ºíìÅ �°þ ×ÏÅ »é ºíì�€ãÉÅ °�¹° £‘î´—°äØò
þº‘™Ž þׯ¥íº‘Ò³ Ù¨þºþé ‡òì þת€��€ã ‡ÖÒ‘Å �°òº‘Ö ±Ï¿º ×ÖÒ‘þî œí�Ï ‡òé
Øã™�Å ƒ›þ� —×俺¨Žòé³.

þÀÕÅ ƒ¿º¦ºª¥ œí�Ïþ× ƒ€é×î³ �π㿠—ºíì ÀŽâ×°í�Å …°Ú×Ñ ‡òìÅ ˜é¿º¨Žòé³.

  …¯€ÀÇí —º‘Ë€À ŠÞ´°ÕÅ …¯€À¿º‘Ñ
  ±¯€ÀÉÅ Š¯€À¢ �×À‘Æ �Ü×Ìò
  ׯ€ÀÉÅ ‡ª—¥ª¨ �´± ÀÆ™�ÃÅ
  �¯«Ö �Ïäòê Æ‘Ñ �êבþé?

     (1554)
…¯€À ‡òìÅ —º‘Ë ‡òìÅ ÀÖ�Å �êÚ�äÖ, …¯€À€Æ™ �‘ñÅ ±é´°‘Ö —º‘Ë€À �êØÖ
Àò —œË°ÕÅ, °íþº‘° �íº€î ƒà™��æ™� ‚㑳 ‡òìÅ …¯€À€ÆþÆ™ �¯¨ …ÆÌþׯ¨Å
‡ñÅ ÀîÚì±€ÆÉÅ, ƒ°î‘Ö Šäצ״³ £‘îÀÆî‘� ƒÏ™Žòé �×—œ‘к´€°ÉÅ ‡ÖÒ‘
ÀÆ™�›�€ãÉÅ  þº‘™�×ÖÒ  �´±�è �€î´€°ÉÅ  —ºíìËÆ´ °ÏÅ �Ì×þî, ƒÜבé‘� ƒ€éÆÏäÖ
�๱¥¢ —œËÆ×ÖÒ �Ì×þî —ÀË™�Ï ‡î¿º¨Žòé³. …¯€À¿º‘Ñ ±¯€ÀþÆ °ÁÝ¢ �¹°€îÇò, º¯¨
—°‘ªþ¥¿ ºÇòì ƒÆÖº‘�Å.

4.5.4 ƒþ°¿ þº‘òì œíž¥€î¿ºíêÉÅ ºÒ ƒÒ™�«›�è ˜é¿º¨Žòéî.

  œ‘´±�î‘Ë¿ ºÌ°´³×Å °‘ñòï
  ‚´±� þº°—µê þ°‘íéÀ‘ŽþÆ
  ‚Ñ´° »éØÇò �¤� �é—îê
  œ‘´°×ÖÒ‘ò �×ò œíž¥î‘þÀ
 
     (1668)

œÍÆ‘±�ã‘Æ œ‘°î›�€ã ×àב³ ºÇòì, ƒ€éµÅ»™€� ×àב³, ºÌ°´³× Øœ‘Ì€«ÇÖ ‚Ý „¨ºª¨
¯¨Å ¯¨Å »é¿—º¨™�´ °ÏÅ ÀÒב°€îÇÓϹ³ بº¨°í� �¨€ÀÆ‘� …€Ý´°×‘ì �é—îê
»€ÝÆ‘³ —œÖþבþî œíž¥ò ‡î¿º¨Žòé‘ò ƒ›�. þÀÕÅ,

  œ´³Å �œ´³Å ‡Üבì‡î´ °‘ò…òï
  �´€° …Ï™Ž¢ �×îÏè €��‘ª¥¿
  º´±Çò £‘îÅ —ºé¿º¬¹³ ‚î¹°¢
  œ´±ÇÖ ƒ¢€œ´ °�þבò œíž¥þî

     (1669)

œíž¥î‘�º×ò, ‚ÝÀ‘î —ÀËÆêÚ Øœ‘Ì«ÇÖ „¨ºª¨ �êÚ�è ˆò œ´—°òìÅ �œ´—°òìÅ
Øã›�Žòéî ‡òì þ�ª¨™ þ�ª¨´ —°ä×þ°‘¨, �Ï€« צØîñÀ‘Ž À™�ª� ºÒ —°‘¯¨�è
—œË°×¯«Å °íþº‘° þœª€¥ ŠÞ´³, �×îÏþã €��‘ª¥, —ÀËÆ‘î º™±þÆ‘¨ �×£‘î¹ —°ä¹³
ºíì�€ã ‡ÖÒ‘Å þº‘™Ž þºÌ‘î¹°¿  —ºÏ›�¥ÓÖ ‚Ý ÃÆÖþבþî œíž¥ò ‡î¿º¨Žòé‘ò.

4.5.5 ƒ¿º¦ºª¥ �Ï´³™�è —ÀË�¯¥‘Ñ �‘Ò´±Ö �¯®€¥Æ ×èãÒ‘Ì‘Ö ƒòñÅ ØÍב�
‚Ì‘Æ¿ºª¨è〰ÉÅ �‘¯Žþé‘Å. °À³ ŠÞØ—Ò‘¨™�Å ‡ñÅ Á� �鿺‘î ¸–ÓÖ —º‘³ØÕºþ°œÅ
‡ñŠðíº�±ÇÖ ƒ×í€é™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. °òïÝ¿½ °íþº‘°ØÝ¿½ ‡ñÅ �Ï´³�è ƒ×Ñ°Å ¸–ÓÖ
 —ºÍ³Å ºÇÕÅ �Ï´³™�ã‘�Å. ƒ×íêò �¦º€¥ÇþÒþÆ ƒ¹° ƒÒ™�«›�è ˜é¿º¨Žòéî.
 
  °òïÝ¿€º —Æòî �íì œ‘±¿º‘ò œí�ÏבÅ
  Àòñ—ºÏ¤ žÆ À°Æ‘€î --- °òþÀí
  —œ‘íºî´þ° þ°‘òê´ ³¦¿ºíì™ þ�×ÒÀ‘Ë
  ¶íº³þº‘Ö º‘Ì‘ —îïò?
     (ŠÞØÖ.2)
œí�Ï ‡òº×ò, °òïÝ¿€º¿ —ºíé×ò. ƒ³ œ‘´±Ì›�€ã ‹³×°‘Ö Àª¦ÕÅ ×¹´€ÀÉ—À‘òéÖÒ.
ºíìíì ¶òì …Ò�´€°¿ º‘Ñ¿º³Øª¨ ºíéíì º‘Ñ€×Æíé º‘Ñ€×ÇÖ þµ‘™�³ þµ‘™Ž™ �‘«þׯ¨Å.
�³ ‡¿º¦—ÆïÖ, ‹Ñ �›�À‘î³ �îØò�¯ ‹Ñ À°Æ‘€î °ò€î™ —�‘Ö׳þº‘Ò �¯¦¦ñÅ, �³þבÑ
�îþ× ‡òì �êÚ¹ ±�Ý, ³¦¿ºíì º€°¿ºíì �€À±Æ‘�þ× �°€î™ �¯¨—�‘¯¦Ï™�Å. �³þº‘Ò
…Ò�ב♀�ÇÖ ƒÏ¹³Å �°ïÖ —°‘ËÚ鑳 �Ýòì ¶òì �î‘™ �‘¯º³þº‘Ò …Ò€�™ �¯¨
—�‘¯¦Ï¿þº‘þî œí�Ï ‡òŽòé‘Ñ ƒ›�. —ÀË�¯¥‘Ñ —°äÚº¨´±Æ 'þµ‘™�‘³ þµ‘™�Ö' ƒ›�
ºÇÖ×€°™ �‘¯�. …Ò�Å ‹Ñ �î×ÖÒ; ‚î‘Ö �°€î, �îØ€î¿ º‘Ñ¿º³ þº‘Ò º‘Ñ™�¿ºÝ�
þׯ¨Å º‘Ñ€×ÇÆÖº‘í ºª¨ ƒ×Ñ ƒÜ×‘ì ˜ìŽòé‘Ñ.

4.5.6 þÀÕÅ —º‘ËÆêØ€î º¦º¦Æ‘� þº‘™� ×ÖÒ‘þî œí�Ï—×òì þº‘°î‘ØÆÖ œ‘Ѻ‘� ¶òìÅ
ƒ°€î Øã™�Žòé‘Ñ.

  —º‘Ëþº‘�¿ þº‘�¿ —º‘Ϲ±¿ —º‘Ï谑
  €œþÆ‘� þº‘� °Ì›�´±- €µÉÅ
  ºÍº‘�› �¯¨ º€°Æ‘Àí º‘Ñ™�›
  �Ïþ×�‘¯ £‘î™ �Ï
     (ŠÞØÖ. 7)
 
ƒ°í� �°ÅºÌµ‘°Ñ °ÏÅ …€ÌƑ׳: —º‘ËÆ‘ŽÆ �ÏØ�è ÿº´°‘ìÅ ÿ›� ÿ™�þ× �€×�€ã¿
º�´°ê¹³ ÿ›Ž ¶òé �êÚ °‘—îòì °ò€î �Ïã‘Ö …è㺦�¯¨, »ò½ �Ïè°ÍœîÅ,
º€Ì °ÍœîÅ, º€ÌþÆ‘�Å ‡òñÅ ƒ×í€é �€¥¹³, —ÀË¿—º‘Ïè °‘î‘ŽÆ �ñº×œ´±ÇÖ þ°‘òìÅ
‚î¹° þº‘� œÃ´±Ì´³ �€ÒÇÖ �×ò �€Ì¹³ þº‘�¹ ²ØÌ°Ì º™�×Å „—°òì �¯¨ À‘«‘™�î³
þº‘°Å �®×ãþ×ñÅ º€°Æ‘³ �¥›�™ ŽÏº‘þî‘™�Å €×™�Å ‚œ‘ÍÆþî £‘î‘�ÍÆî‘בò.
�¯®€¥Æ ×èãÒ‘Ñ™� ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ £‘î�Ï, ±Ï£‘îœÅº¹°þÌ ‡òìÅ ˜ìŽòé‘Ñ.

  œ´±Æ¶Ñ ב«´°‘í éíþº‘°´ °‘™�ì´³
  €×´³×Þ �‘ª¨ À€é¿½Ò×¹--- Ÿ´°ò
  éÁâ™�Í�í ž�‘Þ¢ œÅº¹° —îòº‘ò
  ‡À™�Ïä¢ —œË° ±³.
     (ŠÞØÖ. 11)

ƒ°ò …€ÌƑ׳: œ´±Æ ¶Ñב«´²™€�Æ‘Ö ‡î³ þº‘°´€° Šòþ鑨Šºí鑳 ŠÞ´³¢ �×´þ°‘¨
ƒÑ¯¥é™ �Ò™�€×´³ ‡òº‘Ö ×¹°€¥¹þ°‘Ñ™�Å ‡î³èþã °‘þÀ ¶€é¹±Ï¹³ ô± —µê€Æ
�êØ™�Å, þ×°›�€ã —ÆÖÒ‘Å ‹°‘ÀÖ …«Ñ¹° £‘Òò, ÃÀÒ›�€ãÉÅ �¥¹³ ¶òé ¶òÀÒò,
°ÁÞî³  ƒÒ™�«—ÀÖÒ‘Å �ãت¥ê¹° °Áâ þ×¹°Ñ, ž�‘Þ —Æòñ¹ ±Ïº±ÇÖ ‡à¹°ÏäÇϹ°
±Ï£‘î œÅº¹°¿ »è€ãÆ‘—Ìòì Æ‘×ÏÅ ½�Ý‘¶òé Ÿ×‘Á�è ‡Åþº‘Ö×Ñ Ù¥€¥¹³ …ËÉÅ ¶Á´°Å
�Ïä¢ —œË°þ° ƒ¹¸–Óò �Ñ´°Å ‡òº³.

4.5.7 ƒÜבì Á�¢ �鿺‘� ×ãѹ° ƒ´°€�Æ ‚ËÚ�è º±î‘é‘׳ ¸–í鑯¨ —°‘¥›Ž, œ‘±¢
œ�±ÇÖ À‘ª¦™—�‘¯¨ žÌÞ×€°¿ º‘Ñ™Žòþé‘Å. �¯�ª¦ À€é£‘î œÅº¹°Íò €œ×œÀÆ—µê ‡ñÅ
¸–ÓÖ ¶´±Æ �òÀ —µê�è Á� ØÍב� Øã™�¿º¨Å �þ° —º‘à³ œ‘± �¦¿º€¥ÇþÒþÆ ‚œ‘ÍÆ
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