‚�ÂÆ´±ò °ÁÝ ×ÌÒ‘ì (2)

3.1.1 —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ ÀÌ»€î —ºÍ³Å °àØþÆ ¶Æ‘Æ ¡´±Ì´³ €µÆ‘Ç�Å ×ãѹ³è〰 —œòé º¥Ò´±Ö
�¯þ¥‘Å. —�ã°À€Ì¿ ºíêÆ ×ÌÒ‘íì �꿽�è —°äב� ƒÖ€Ò. ‚ÇñÅ —�ã°ÀÑ ‡òé —ºÆÑ œ›�
ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�äÖ ºÇÖ×€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. �´þ°‘¨, €µÆ‘Ç�´€° °À³ …€Ì �鿺‘Ö —ºÍ³Å ×ãÑ´°
º™�Ò Ÿ×‘Á ‡ñŠב´œ‘ÆîÑ °Áâ µ‘ª¦îÑ ‡òº³ �ê£Ñ�è ºÒÌ‘Ö ‡¨´±Æź¿º¨Å ‹Ñ ×ÌÒ‘íì
�꿽 ‚�Å. þÀÕÅ œ›�Å ÀÏØÆ �‘Ò´±Ö, �‘¤�½Ì´±Ö ½´°œÀÆ´€°¢ þœÑ¹° ±™�µ‘°Ñ °ÑÀ�Ñ´±
‡òº‘Ñ�æÅ ƒòñÅ ºÒÏÅ ½´° œÀƤ œ‘ѹ° €µÆ‘Ç�´€° ×ãÑ´³èãîÑ.  €×þœ¦�´€° ×ãÑ´°
�«‘°Ñ ‡òº‘Ñ '�¯ ‚°Ñ' ‡ñÅ °ÁÝÌ‘� ƒÏ™�Ò‘Å. ƒ×Ñ�è °ÁÝÑ�ã‘� ƒÏ¹³ —�‘¯¨ ×¥—À‘ÞÇÖ
ºÒ �ã€×ÇÆÖ ¸–í�€ã ‡à± …Ò—�›�Å ƒ´°€�Æ �¹°€î�è ºÌ× —ºÍ³Å …€Ý´³èã³ Æ‘Ì‘ÕÅ
Àì™� æƑ° …¯€À�ã‘�Å. ƒïÆ °Áâ —À‘ÞÇÖ ƒ×í€é—ÆÖÒ‘Å µÀ™�
ØÍ¿º°‘�, ƒòìÅ ƒé¹³º¥‘³ ¶í�Å ¸–Ò‘� 'À¬þÀ�€Ò´ ³éÚ' ‡ñÅ ž´°€Ò¢ œ‘´°î‘Íò
�鿺‘î ¸–Ö ƒÏ™Žòé³. ƒã›þ�‘צ�äò �Ò¿º±�‘Ì´þ°‘¨ ŠÏ›� ‡¯«¿º¨×³. ƒ°ò �‘ÒÅ
…ì±Æ‘�´ —°ÍÆ‘³ þº‘ÇñÅ ��¢œ‘òì�€ã €×´³, Ž.». ‰¹°‘Å �ÖÒ³ ‚é‘Å ¸–í鑯¦î°‘�
ƒ°€î —�‘èãÒ‘Å. ƒ°€î º´—°‘òº°‘Å ¸–í鑯¦Ö À�‘Àþ�‘º‘´±Æ‘Æ ….þ×.œ‘Áµ‘€°ÆÑ �×Ñ�è
 ‹€Ò¢ Ÿ×¦�äÓϹ³ ‡¨´³ �Ïź° …€ÌþÆ‘¨ �¢þœíêîÑ. �±Ö ½´°Ñ�äò €µÆ‘Ç�´€° Øã™�Å
º�±™� …€Ì ƒÆíéæƑ³ ت¨Ø¥,  œÂº�‘Ò´±Ö Šã€× ³€Ìœ‘Á »è€ã �×Ñ�è �ͱñÅ ÃÆòì
ƒ™�€é€Æ™ �€ã¹³ Á�¢ �鿺‘î ‹Ñ …€Ì€Æ ‡à± �ÍÆ¿ ºÒ ×ÌÒ‘íì™ �꿽�€ãÉÅ °¹³èãîÑ.
ƒ¿º¥ÒÅ �òî‘Íò …€Ì€Æ´ °àØþÆ  —ºÏź‘ÕÅ —œÖÕÅ; þׯ¦Æ ƒ¥›�äÖ »é ×ÌÒ‘íì™
�꿽�æÅ °Ì¿º¨Å. ƒ°í� �¨´°º¦Æ‘� ‹ÌãÚ —°‘¥Ñ½€¥Æ°‘� º±òÄòé‘Å ¸–í鑯¦í� Ãíºª¥
½´°Á´±Ìî‘Íò 'ÙÌþœ‘ÞÆÅ' ‡ñÅ ƒÒ™�« ¸–ÕÅ �°í� —ºÏ¹þ°×î‘Ñ ‡à±Æ …€ÌÉÅ ºÒ �ã€×ÇÆí�꿽™�€ã —�‘¯¨èã°‘�´ ±�âŽòé³. þׯ¨›�‘Ö, �³ÚÅ ƒ›� ºÆòº¨´°¿º¨Å. °Ñ™�Å œÅº¹°¿ºª¥ ºÒ þ�� ¸–í�è ‡ª¥‘Å Šòº°‘Å ¸–í鑯¨�äÖ ‡à¹°°‘�´ —°ÍŽòé³. �×íêÖ
�¯¥Òþ�� ‡ñÅ ¸–Ö ½´° €µÆ‘Ç�´€° ×ãÑ´° Šòé‘�´ —°ÍŽòé³. ‚ÇñÅ �°ò ŠÏ �Ò
—œËɪ�€ã °ØÑ´³ »é º�±�—ãÖÒ‘Å ƒé¹³Øª¥î. À€éÃ�À‘�þ× �°ò �Ï´³™�è ÿÒþ�� ‡ñÅ
œÀ« �ã€×ÇÆÖ ¸–ÓÖ Ž€¥™Žòéî.

3.1.2 À¬þÀ�€ÒÇÖ €µÆ‘Ç�´ °´³×¢ �¹°€îÆ‘ãÑ�è œÀÆ™�«™�Ñ ‡òþé Øä™�¿º¨ŽòéîÑ.
œÀÆ™�«™�Ñ °¹ ±é› þ�ª¥ �‘€°ÇÖ, �™�‘Ò´³ ×Ý›ŽÆ ‡ÖÒ‘ œÀÆ›�äò �€¥¿»¦�è ƒ›�
Øã™�Ãé —°‘�´³™ ˜é¿º¨Žòé³. »í�‘Ò´±Ö �Ï«¹±Æ‘Ñ °ò �´±Æ‘ÍÖ  ƒÜבìÅ
ƒ°í� þÀÕÅ —œËŽòé‘Ñ. º±î‘›�‘Å ¸–í鑯¨ Ø´±Æ‘̯ÆÍò 'œÑ× °Ñœî œ›ŽÌ�Å' ‡ñÅ ×¥—À‘Þ
¸–ÕÅ ƒ°€î¿þº‘òé Šòþé ‚ÇñÅ ºÌº™� Ÿº™� �¹°€î�è ƒÖ€Ò. �´±Æ‘ÍÖ �‘«¿º¨Å
¸®™�À‘î À쿽€Ì�è  œ‘´°î‘ͥŠƒÖ€Ò —Æòé‘ÕÅ, ƒ›� ˆ€îÆ œÀÆ›�è '—œ‘íé¨À‘íéÅ
…€¥Æ³', 'Àî´±Ö €×™�Å �ãØí� —œÜس �ÖÒ' ‡òéבì �꿺‘�þ× Àì´³€Ì™�¿ º¨Žòé³.
ƒ°ò×Þ �´±Æ‘Ñ þº‘íìÅ ºÌº™� Ÿº™� �¹°€îÇò þ°‘íé´€° œ‘´°î‘Íò À¬þÀ�€ÒÇÖ
�‘¯Žòþé‘Å. ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ Øœ‘Ì€«Çò þµ‘™�þÀ "µ€×Æì µò—º‘Ïè" Æ‘€×—Æòì —°ä×þ°Æ‘�Å. —º‘ËÆíé —ÀË—º‘Ï€ãþÆ œ‘´°î‘Ñ µ€×Æì µò—º‘Ïè ‡òŽòé‘Ñ.  —ÀË—º‘Ïþã ��´³¢ —œê¹³ Ž¥™�Å À‘Ÿ™�€ã þº‘™�×ÖÒ±ò ƒÜ×‘ì º�Ì¿ºª¥³ ‡î´ —°ÍŽòé³.

3.1.3 ðÓÖ €×²� À‘Ñ™�´±îÍò €µÆ‘Ç�´€° Øã™�¿½�Å þº‘³, þ×°ØÆ‘°ò, ŽÏ°þ�‘¦,
ˆ°ÁÖ €œÁï ‡ñÅ Ä׀̢ Ÿª¦, þ×°ØÆ‘°ò �ã€×�€ã º´³ ‡òì —�‘èã, ŽÏ°þ�‘¦ ‡ª—¥òì
—�‘èã, €œÁïþÆ‘ ‚—éòþé —�‘¯¥°‘� Øã™�Žòé‘Ñ. ƒ¹° €×²� À‘Ñ™�´±îÍò �‘ÒÅ
—°äב�´ —°ÍÆ‘° —בòé‘�™ Ž¥™Žòé³. �³ ‡Ü×‘ì ƒÏ¿»ñÅ, �ã€×�€ã ƒÜ×ãÚ ØÍב�
º�´³Å —°‘�´³Å �‘¯º±ÓϹ³, ƒ×Ñ�è —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ™ �‘Ò´±í�Å ¶Æ‘Æ ¡´±Ì�‘Ò´±í�¿ »é�Å
×¹°×Ñ�è ‚�þ× ˆé™�€éÆ Ž.». µ‘›�‘Å ¸–í鑯¦îÑ ‡î —�‘ã´°�Å. ƒ›� µØÒ¿º¨Å º´³
�ã€×�ã‘×î: �‘¯¥Ö, �Ï°Ö, …×ÀÅ, ‚�ÀÅ, �Ï´°‘º´±, ƒÆÖ½, ‰±�Å, �º‘×Å, ª� ŠÞ �êÚ
�ÖÒ³ º‘Íþœ¥Å, œÅº×Å  ‡òº€×Æ‘�Å. ƒ×íêÖ Ã°Ö ‰¹±í�Å —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ´ þ°‘íé´€° µ‘Å
Ø㙎تþ¥‘Å. ‡¤�Æ �Ò×íêí�Å ƒ›� —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ´ þ°‘íéÅ °™�¢ œ‘òì�þ㑨 …«Ñ´°¿º¨Å.
ƒ¹° �ã€×�äò º¯»€î Øã™�¿ ½�€�ÇÖ, €µÆ‘Ç�´€°¢ œ‘ѹþ°, '—º‘Ï毀À ½Ò›—�‘èã"
…°Ú×î ƒ€× ‡î¿º¨Žòé³; "»ÌÀ‘ �Ì«Å »ÌÀ‘«Å" ‡òé €µÆ‘Ç� �€¥¿»¦™� ƒ«›�þ×,
»ÌÀ‘בŽÆ —ÀËÆê€× ºÆ¿»™�Å �ÏØþÆ, �Ì«þÀ »ÌÀ‘«Å ‡òþé …¥òºª¨ ƒ€×
ØÍ™�¿º¨Žòéî. ƒ¹° º´³ �ã€×�è ×ÞþÆ �êØò —œÒÚ —ÀËÆ‘�€�ÇÖ —º‘Ï毀À �´±™�Å
‡òé×‘ì ƒ×Ñ�ã³ �€¥¿»¦ ±�âŽò逰™ �‘¯�.

3.1.4 ƒ×íêÖ �Ò —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ±ÕÅ ‚Ì‘Æ¿ºª¦Ï¿º€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.  �º‘×Å ‡òº³ ‹Ñ —º‘Ïäò
ƒò€À ‡òº³, —º‘Ï—ã‘òê€î ˜é¿º¨Å ƒ¥´þ° ºíéé ƒÖ€Ò—Æòì —�‘è׳ ‡òŽòé³ …€Ì.ƒ³
ƒÖ —º‘π㿠ºíê ‡¿º¦ ŽãØÆ‘™�Å ¶�Ýþׯ¨Å ‡òé —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ ŽãØÆ‘™� ‚Ëþב¨
—°‘¥Ñ½€¥Æ°‘�´ —°ÍŽòé³. �â ×ÏÅ ¡´±Ì›�€ã™ �‘« ƒÜÚ¯€À —°äב�Å

518.     ‡¿—º‘Ï ã‘ÇñÅ �ÖÒ³ ƒÖ—Òïò
         �¿—º‘Ïè �ÖÒ‘¿ »ê³—º‘Ïè ˜éÖ

519.     �¿—º‘Ïè ˜êò Ÿª¦™ ˜éÖ

520.     —º‘ϗ㑨 ½«Ì‘¢ Ÿª¨¿—ºÆ Ì‘ÇñÅ
          —º‘Ïèþ×ì º¥‘� —°‘òé‘�þÀ

ƒ›� —º‘ϗ㑨 ½«Ì‘¢ Ÿª¨¿—ºÆÑþÀÖ ‚ËÚ —œÖŽòé³. '‚�‘Æ¿¾' ÃÆí—�‘Ž" þº‘òé€× ƒ´°€�Æ  —œ‘í�ã‘�Å. ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ —º‘Ϫ�€ã¿ ºíê —œ‘ÖÒ‘¥Ö ¶�àÅ þº‘³, Ÿª¥¿º¨Å —º‘Ïè �ÖÒ‘°  þ×—é‘ò€é¢ Ÿª¦þÆ �³×ÖÒ³ þ×êÖ€Ò ‡îþׯ¨Å ‡òŽòé‘Ñ. �¹° »ê³ —º‘π㙠˜ìÅþº‘³,  �°€î Ÿª¦É› ˜éÒ‘Å ‡òŽòé‘Ñ. ƒ¹° ¸®™�›�è ‡Ü×‘ì ƒÏ¿»ñÅ, ƒÖÒ‘°  —º‘Ï€ã �°ò  ƒÖÒ‘€À Øã›�Å ×€�ÇþÒþÆ ŽãØÆ‘™�Å µ€¥—ºéþׯ¨Å ‡ñÅ Øã™�Å ƒò€À€Æ ‹Ñ  �ã€×Æ‘™ŽÉèã³  ‡òº€°™ �‘¯�.

3.1.5  ƒï ª�Ƒ׳ ŠÞ×êÚ ‡îÚÅ º¨Å. ƒ°€î Øã™�¿½�€�ÇÖ ƒÌ‘Àñ™�Å ƒÌ‘׫ñ™�Å µ¥¹°
þº‘ÍÖ, ƒÌ‘Àò —×òé‘ò ‡òé×Þ  �éÀ‘¯»ÖÒ‘° ƒÌ‘׫ò þ°‘íé‘—îòº€° …«Ñ¹³ —�‘èãÖ
‡òì Øã™�Žòé‘Ñ …€ÌÆ‘�ÍÆÑ. ƒ³ —œ‘ÖÒ±�‘Ì  ‡¢œØÆÓÖ, ŠÞÇ€œ ‡¢œ™�Ï´þ°‘¨ Šòê
×ÏŽòé³.

917. ŠÞÇ€œ ‡¢œÅ ŠÞÇ€œ æ»î

ƒ°ò —º‘Ïã‘׳, ŠÞ¹° —œ‘Ö€Ò ‡¢œÀ‘� …€¥Æ³ �ܗב޹° —œ‘ÖÓî‘í —º‘Ïè æڗºìÅ
‡òº³.'ƒ€œ' ƒ›� '—œ‘Ö' ‡ñÅ —º‘ÏäÖ ¶íŽòé³. ŸþÀÏ´ °ÁÞÖ 'e-se—Òòì ×Ï×þ°‘¨ ƒ³
Š´³ ×ÏŽòé³.  —°Ë×¢�€ÒÆ‘Ñ ƒ°€î ƒòñÅ Øã™�¿ ½�€�ÇÖ, 'ƒ×Ñ �ÖØÆ‘í �€éØÒÑ'
‡òé×Þ, 'Šà™�´°‘í �€éÉ€¥ÆÑ' ‡òé‘°Ö, '—º‘Ïã‘í �€éÉ€¥ÆÑ' ‡òé‘°Ö, ŠÏ —º‘Ïè �ê´°
×Þ, —º‘Ï躪¥×‘ìÅ, �°î‘þî, �¢—œ‘Ö Ãíì¿—ºíé×‘ì› �¯¨—�‘è� ‡òŽòé‘Ñ. þÀÕÅ ƒ³
'×¹°³ —�‘¯¨ ב̑³ æ´°Ö' ‡ñÅ …´±—Æ‘¨ Š´³ ×Ï×€°É› �‘¯�. ‚›ŽÒ´±Ö ƒ°€î
implicature ‡òŽòé‘Ñ�è. œÂº �‘Ò´³ presupposition ‡òºþ°‘¨Å Š´³¿ º‘Ñ™�Ò‘Å.

3.1.6 ƒï ‰²�Å ‡òìÅ ‹Ñ �ã€× ˜é¿º¨Žòé³. ƒ³ …Ò�€Ì ‡òº°‘�—ÀòìÅ, …Òþ�‘Ì‘í
þ�èØ ×ÞÆ‘�™ þ�ª¨ ×Þ×ÞÆ‘�¢ —œ‘ÖÒ¿ºª¨×ÏÅ —œ‘í—º‘Ïã‘�Å ‡òì Øã™�¿º¨Žòé³.
ƒÅÀÌ´±Ö þºÉ¯¨ ‡òì †ÑÀ™�è ˜é, �°î‘Ö �êÆ×ÏÅ ‹Ñ …¯€À ‡î Øã™�ÃÅ °Ì¿º¨Žòé³.
‚ÇñÅ ƒ³ Á� ¸ªºÀ‘î ‹Ñ —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ™ �Ï´±ò ƒÞÚ ‡òþé ¶€î™�´ þ°‘òìŽòé³. ÀÌ»ÆÓÖ
'À̽' ‡òº³ º‘ÌźÍÆÀ‘� ×ÏÅ …¯€À�è ‡òé —º‘ÏäþÒþÆ …«Ì¿º¨Žòé³. ƒ°€î 'historical
understanding' ‡òì �°‘׳ ×ÌÒ‘íêÆÖ —°äÚ�è ‡òì —�‘èãÒ‘Å. �‘¯�:

1500. À‘íéϤ �é¿»ò ÀÌ»ÆÖ Žã¿»ò
         º‘Ñ¿½Å ºéàÅ �ª¦ÉÅ �Ï€ãÉÅ
         �òìÅ »è€ãÉÅ À�ÚÅ ÀêÉÅ ‡òì
         Šòº³Å �ÝØþÆ‘¨ ƒã€À¿ —ºÆþÌ

º‘Ñ¿½ ºéâ �ª¦ ‡òé×‘ì ˆò ƒã€À¿ —ºÆÑ�è �€ÀÆþׯ¨Å ‡òì ‚Ì‘Æ¿½�, À‘íì°í� Á�
�Í°‘ŽÆ ×Þ ×Þ ×Ý›Ž ×ÏÅ ‹Ñ ƒÆÖþº ‡òì ×ÌÒíì¿ þº‘™ŽÖ Ø€¥ �‘¯Žòé‘Ñ.þÀÕÅ:

1590. À̽¶€Ò ±Í°Ö —œËɪ ŽÖ€Ò
         À̽×Þ¿ ºª¥ —œ‘ÖÓ î‘î

1591. À̽¶€Ò ±ÍÇò »ê³»ê °‘�Å

1592. ×Ý™�‡î¿ º¨×³ …Æѹþ°‘Ñ þÀíþé
           ¶�â¢� �×Ñ �ª¥‘� Ò‘ò

‡òéבì ÀÌ»ò ƒÆÖ½�è Øã™�¿º¨Žòéî. ½±Æ°‘î ‹Ñ ¶�â¢� …¯—¥î™ �ª¦ ¶ì´±, �°ò×Þ
º‘ÌźÍÆÀ‘� —œÒ™˜¦Æ Šòê™� Ø´±¨Å …Æѹþ°‘Ñ ×ÞþÆ ×Ý™��è ‡î¿º¨Å À̽�è, º‘ÌźÍÆ›�è,
œÅ»Ì°‘Æ›�è …ÏבŽòéî, ‚�þ× ƒ´°€�Æ ¶�â¢�™ �ª¨�è  …¯€À�€ã™ —�‘¯¨èãî ‡òì
�ê™�¿º¨×€°™ �‘¯�. ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ À̽�è ×ÞþÆ ‡àÅ —œ‘í�ã‘þÒþÆ ×Ý™��è ‡àŽòé€ÀÇò,
�×í€é ‚˹³ Øã™�Å —œËÉè�è À̽ ¶€Ò ±ÍÆ™˜¥‘³ ‡òì ‹Ñ �ã€× �í»íŽòé‘Ñ ƒ›�.
ƒ³þ× '‰²�Å' ‡òì ÀÏØíì þº‘ÕÅ.

3.1.7 ƒò—î‘Ï ×€�ÇÕÅ ƒ°ò þ°‘íé´€°™ �‘«Ò‘Å. �¦ �ãÚ ƒÖÒ‘ —œËÉè ×€��æè Šòé‘�
ó—À‘Þ ‡òé Šò€é °Å —œËÉäÆÓÖ —°‘Ö�‘¿»ÆÑ Øã™�Žòé‘Ñ.

1434. ¸¯€ÀÉÅ ŸÏ™�ÃÅ ŠäÉ€¥ €ÀÉÅ
         —Àò€ÀÉÅ ‡òì ƒ€× Øã›�´ þ°‘òê™
         �ê´° —º‘Ï€ã æ´°í� ×Ð…Å
         ˆ³ ¸°ÓÆ Ã³—À‘Þ ‡òº

ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ ó—À‘Þ�äÖ ‹Ñ×€�Æþ× 'ºÝ—À‘Þ' ‡òìÅ '‚òþé‘Ñ ×‘™�' ‡ò—éÖÒ‘Å º¨Å. ƒ´°€�Æ
ó—À‘Þ�è ŠäÉ€¥€ÀÇò, ˆ³ ¸°ÓÆ€× ‡òº±ò …¯€À ‡òì —�‘ãíº‘Òþ° Æ‘�Å. ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥
—°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ ó—À‘Þ�€ãþÆ ±Í´³ ‰²�Å ‡òéþ×‘Ñ �ã€×€Æ »í�‘Ò´±îÑ …¯¥‘™ŽîÑ ‡òì
—�‘ãí� ƒ¥ñ¯¨. ƒ³ ƒòñÅ ØÍב� ‚Æ þׯ¦Æ Šòé‘�Å.

3.1.8 ƒï …èã—µê �ã€× �ÖÒ³ œÅº×Å ‡òº³Å ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ ‹Ñ —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ™ �Ï´±¹ ±Íþº ‡òìÅ
—°ÍŽòé³. Á�ÚÅ º€Ý€ÀÆ‘î ‹Ñ °Áâ —œ‘Ö 'ÃòîÅ' ‡òº³. ŸþÀÏ´ °ÁÞÖ 'mu-un' ‡òéבì
؀œ‘Ö …Ϻ‘� Øã›�Å Šòì. —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ´±Ö Äòì —×Üþ×ì —º‘ÏäÖ ƒ³ Øã›�×€°™
�‘¯Žòþé‘Å. �â×ÏÅ ¡´±Ì´±Ö 'Ãòî´±Ö …«Ñ°Ö' ‡òéבì, Àî´°‘Ö ‡¯¬ …«Ñ°Ö ‡òé
—º‘ÏäÖ ×ÏŽòé³:

540:     �¦€À ‚¯€À ƒã€À Ä¿þº
         �¦€À ×ò€À ØϹþ° �àþ×
         —º¯€À �Ìþœ À�þ× �ÝØ
         °ò€À ±Í—ºÆÑ …ì¿»ò ŽãØ
         �‘°Ö �é¿þº —œéí—œ‘Ö Øéí—œ‘Ö ‡òì
         ‚×ì ÄòìÅ …㿺¥ —°‘€�ƒ
         �òî »éÚÅ �×í—鑨 �׬
         Ãòî´±ò …«ÏÅ ŽãØ ‡ÖÒ‘Å
         …Æѱ€« ÀÏ›Žò ¶ÒÇî בÇñÅ
         �Œê€« ÀÏ›Žò Žã¹°‘› ŽÆÕÅ

ƒ›� �ê™�¿ºª¥ —º‘Ϫ�è �±ª¥  �ÖÒ³ �‘ª¥Ò‘�‘¿ —º‘Ϫ�ã‘�Å (abstract objects), ‰Å½Ò
¸�Ñ¢�™� ב̑°€×Æ‘ÇñÅ …ª—º‘Ϫ�þã Æ‘Å. ƒ×í€é Àî´°‘Ö ‡¯¬î‘þÒ ŠÞÆ, �‘« ב̑
‡òŽòé‘Ñ ƒ›�.  þÀÕÅ —º‘Ïã±�‘Ì™ �ãØÆÓÖ, °€ÒØ °€Ò×þ þœÑ¹°€° —ºíþé‘Ñ�è
Ãòî´±ò �ê× ‡òŽòé‘Ñ.

1083: °¹€°ÉÅ °ò ‰ÉÅ Ãòî´±ò …«Ñº

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ÃòîÀ‘� ¶íŽòé³. þÀÕÅ µÀ™� þׯ¥íº‘Ò°‘�, —œËÉäÆÓÖ, þ×—é‘Ï¿ —º‘ÏäÖ ƒ¢—œ‘Ö
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2.0 ½´°Ñ�äò €µÆ‘Ç�Å.

3.2.1 ½´°Ñ�äò €µÆ‘Ç�™ �Ï´³™�è Á� ØÍב� ºÒ ×¥—À‘Þ ¸–í�äþÒ°‘ò ƒÏ™Žòéî ‡òé
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˜ìŽòé‘Ñ.

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Ÿª¨«ÑÚ; �ñÀ‘îÅ , �‘Ì«Å �‘ÍÆÅ œ‘À‘ïÆÅ ‡î Ä×€�Æ‘�™ ˜é¿º¨À‘ÇñÅ �‘ÍÆ‘ñÀ‘îþÀ»€ÝÇÖÒ‘°³. ƒ³ º™�Å, ˆ³, ±ª¥‘¹°Å, …ºµÆÅ, ¶�Àî—Àî ‰¹³ì¿½™�€ã …€¥Æ³; ‡ïñÅ, ƒì±Çí ˜êÆ …ºµÆÅ ¶�ÀîÅ ƒÌ¯¨Å ±ª¥‘¹°´±Ö �¥›�Å. ‡¤� ¶òé º™�Å,ˆ³,±ª¥‘¹°Å ‡òé Äòéñè, ±ª¥‘¹°Å œ‘°òÁÆÅ, €×°òÁÆÅ ‡î ƒÏ×€�¿ º¨Å. �íéÁÖÒ‘° º™�ŠðÓÆîµòº™�Å, µÖþÒ³, µÖÒ ±ª¥‘¹°Å ‡î×ÏÅ. �íéÀ¥Æ€× º™�¿þº‘Ó, ˆ³¿þº‘Ó, ±ª¥‘¹°¿þº‘Ó ‡î¿º¨Å. º™�¿þº‘Ó »Ì´±Æ™� ØÏ´°Å ðґ� Šòº³ ×€�ÉÅ, €×°òÁÆ ±ª¥‘¹°¿þº‘Ó ˆ³¿þº‘Ó ��´°Å �€µ�‘¹±�Å ØÏ´°—Àî Ä×€�ÉÅ, œ‘°òÁÆ ±ª¥‘¹°¿ þº‘Ó œ‘°î Ø�Ò Ã°Ò‘� ‰×€�ÉÅ, œ‘´±Æ‘ ØÆ‘ØÏ´± ðґ� ‰×€�ÉÀ‘Å. ƒ×íìè ²Æ×íé‘í �‘ª¥¿º¨×î×í€é—�‘è㑳 µÖÒ×í€éþÆ —�‘èãþׯ¨Å ‡òºþ° �é׫ �¦�è Øã™�Å °ÏÀÅ ‡îבŽòé³.ƒ›� —œËÆ¿º¨Å —ºÏÅ ½Ìª�, »Ì´±Æ™�´€° ƒ×Ñ�è Ÿª¨«ÑÚ ‡òþé ‚™ŽØ¨×°‘�Å. ×ÌÒ‘íì¿þº‘™ŽÖ, —º‘êÓÆ™�‘ª�€Æ ¶ÏØ�íºÅ ‡òìÅ œØ�íºÅ ‡òìÅ þ×캨´°í� �‘Ì«À‘Çíì.
…€ÌÆ‘�ÍÆÏÅ " —ÀËÉ«ÑÚ¿ þºì þµÑÃ�À‘�ÚÅ ×ÞÃ�À‘�ÚÅ ¶�â°Óò, —ºã´°Ñ�è þµÑÃ�¿ þºí€é»Ì´±Æ—ÀòìÅ, ×ÞÃ�´€°™ �Ï´—°òìÅ —�‘¯¨ ‚Ì‘Ë¢� —œË׳ºíê "�ã€× ƒÌ¯þ¥  —Æòé‘Ñ"‡òì Øã™�ÃÅ °ÏŽòé‘Ñ.

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ƒ›� ½±°‘� �‘®�Å(pure percepts) ‡òìÅ �‘Ï�Å (concepts) ‡òìÅ ‚¨þבÅ. ‡ÖÒ‘×€� �êØò
—œÆÖº‘¨�€ã™ �Þ´³, Ÿ´°´³ ‰Å½Ò ¸�Ñ¢�Çò Ø¥ÆÀ‘� Æ‘³ ½Òî‘Žòéþ°‘ �³þ× �‘®�Å ‡òº³.
'�³' 'ƒ³' '…³' ‡òì ‹Ñ —º‘Ï€ã …¯—¥ñÅ À‘´±€ÌþÆ �êÆ´°Ï׳. ƒ°í� þÀíºª¨ "ƒòî³"
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—ºì×°‘Ö ƒÜבì. ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ �‘®�›�€ãþÆ ½´°Ñ�è »Ì´±Æ™�Å ‚™Ž, ˆ€îÆ×í€é- �‘Ï�Å
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œ‘±™ �«™ ŽÍ€ÆÇò �ê×°‘�Å' ‡òì �ã€× ¸–Ò‘Ñ ˜ì°Óò, �×Íò þ×캨´°í�¢
'Ÿª¨«Ñ€×¿ »Ì´±Æ™�—Àî¢ —œ‘ÖÓ Øª¥îÑ' ‡òìÅ, µ‘À œ‘±™ �«™ŽÍ€ÆÇò €×´°êÉÅ
ƒÒ™�«Å �‘ª�þ�Æòê™ �Ï°ã€×™�¤ þœéÓò, �Œ³ �±ØÆ‘´±Æ‘°Ö �¯¨, '�€× ت¥îÑ' ‡òìÅ ˜êî‘Ñ. Ÿª¨«ÑÚ —º‘ϯ€À À‘´±€Ì �¯—¥‘Þ°—ÒòñÅ —º‘Ïã‘°€Ò ' Ÿª¨«Ñ —×¨×³, ˆ€î¿ —º‘Ï毀À À‘´±€Ì �‘¯¥Ö'(À¬. 27:61-2) ‡òºÑ. Ÿª¨«ÑÚ ¶ÏØ�íº™ �‘ª� ‡òìÅ, �ñÀ‘Š‡òé ‡¢œ …Å€ÀÆ‘Ö µ‘À œ‘±™ �«™ŽÍ€ÆÇò €×´³«ÏÅ …«ÑÚ œØ�íº —ÆòìÅ —�‘è�. ƒ×í€é ÀéþÆ ƒ¹±ÍÆ £‘îÅ ‡òìÅ Ø�ª¥ £‘îÅ ‡òìÅ ˜ìº. µ‘Àœ‘± ðÓÆ×í€é´ ±™�µ‘°Ñ "º¤œØ° �íº€î" —ÆòìÅ, ƒ€× "Æ‘ÚÅ �ñÀ‘î ×ñþÀÆ º‘×Å" ‡ò웘ì×—Ìî´ °ÑÀ�Ñ´± …€Ì´° °´³×»¹³Øò …€Ì�‘ÌÑ (90.17) �Ꙏòé‘Ñ. °´³× œ›ŽÌ�Å, ¶Æ‘Æ»¹³, »ÌÀ‘« œÃ¢œÆÅ, ¶Æ‘Æ¿ »ÌþלŠðÓÆ ¸–Õ€Ì�äÖ ƒ×íêò ƒÆÖ€º¿ ºÌ™�™ �‘¯�. Ÿª¨«ÑÚ œØ�íº™ �‘ª�™� �¦¿º€¥Æ‘�Å; �³ œØ�íº™ �‘ª�€Æ ºÆבئò �íéÀ‘Å. ‚°Ò‘íé‘ò, �ã€× ¸–Ò‘Ñ, �°€î¿ »ÌÀ‘«‘º‘œ›�è ‡ª¥ñè Šòé‘�™ ˜ìŽòéîÑ"

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ƒÜ×€�ÇÕÅ ½´° €µÆ‘Ç�Å —ºÍÆþ×‘Ñ �¹°€î ŽãÑ¢�™� Ø´±¨Žòé³.

3.2.2 ƒ¿—º‘à³ ½´° €µÆ‘Ç�Å —°‘¥Ñº‘� ºÒ þ�èØ�è ‡àŽòéî. ƒÜבì �×Ñ�è
»Ì´±Æ™�´€°ÉÅ �ñÀ‘î´€°ÉÅ Øã™�׳ —º‘Ϲ³×°‘? ‡òº³ Šòì. ‚�À»ÌÀ‘«Å ‡òé
Šòì þׯ¥‘Å ‡òì ˜ì׳Š—º‘Ϲ³×°‘? ‡òº³ »Í—°‘òì. ƒ×íêí� ƒ›� �ê³ Øã™�Å
°ÏþבÅ. ½´°Ñ�äò ˆ€îÆ €µÆ‘Ç�™ ˜ì�—ãÖÒ‘Å ƒ×íêò ×ÞþÆ°‘ò —œÖŽòéî. ‚Ñ×À¥þÆ‘Ñ
Šã€× ³€Ìœ‘Á »è€ã �×Ñ�äò …€Ì€Æ™ �íì´ —°äÆÒ‘Å. �°í� Ãò½ —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ´þ°‘¨
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»éÏÅ œØí�íº …«ÑØí� ˆ³×‘ŽÆ µ‘ÀÅ œ‘±�«™ŽÍ€Æ þº‘òé Ø�íº›�þ㑨 ×ÏÅ »Ì´±Æ™�Å
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‹Ñ —À‘Þ¿—º‘³Ø(linguistic universals)�òì ‡òº±ò ƒ¿º¦´ ±Í´³™ ˜êÆ°‘� ƒÏ™�Ò‘Å. ƒï
ƒÜ×‘ì œØ�íº™ �‘ª� …¯—¥î, �°í� ÄÒÀ‘� ‹Ñ —º‘Ïæ«ÑÚ ƒÏ™�þׯ¨ÀÖÒþב? �³þ× ƒ¹°
¶ÏØ�íº …«ÑÚ ‡òº³. ‚� ƒÜØÏ×€� —º‘Ïæ«ÑÚ�è ºíêÆ™ �Ï´³�è ƒ¹° ¡´±Ì´±Ö ½€°¹³
Ž¥¿º€° �‘¯�.

3.2.3 þÀÕÅ —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ´³ —œ‘ÖÒ±�‘Ì´±Ö Žâ ×ÏÅ ¡´±Ì›�€ãÉÅ µ‘Å �¹±™�
þׯ¨Å:

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641. —º‘ϯ€À —°Í°ÕÅ —œ‘ò€À —°Í°ÕÅ
       —œ‘ÖÓò ‚�Å ‡òÀî‘Ñ ½Ò×Ñ

642. —°ÍÚ þ×ì ¶€ÒÆÕÅ �ê¿»ò þ°‘òéÕÅ
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ƒ›� 'À‘¨' þº‘òéþ×‘Ñ —œ‘Ö, °ò€î ‹Ñ —ºÆÑ¢—œ‘Ö ‡òì …«Ñ´³Å- °î³ —œ‘ò€À€Æ …«Ñ´³Å-
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3.2.4 Ÿª¨«ÑÚ ‡òé �Ï´±ò þ°‘íé´€° —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ´±Ö þ×ì ºÒ ƒ¥›�äÕÅ �‘«™ Ž¥™Žòé³.
þ×íì€À …Ͻ�äò ƒÒ™�«Å ˜é×ÏÅ ‚�ÍÆÑ ‡à×‘Ë þ×íì€À¿ ºíê ˜é¿½�€�ÇÖ:

549. �×íìè
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550. —º‘ϯ€À Ÿª¥Ö ØÆ›—�‘ã ×Ï°Ö
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         �òê �€î´³Å —ºÆÑ¿ºÆ ¶€ÒþÆ

‡òŽòé‘Ñ. —°Ë×¢�€ÒÆ‘Ñ ƒ°€î Øã™�¿ ½�€�ÇÖ " —º‘ϯ€À Ÿª¥Ö ‡òº³, æ™�¤—œ‘Ö
‡àבƑŽ ¶òé —º‘Ϫ¥ò€îþÆ Ÿª¦, �°ò —°‘ÞÖ Ã°Ò‘Çî Ÿª¥‘³ ¶í�Å ¶€Ò " ‡òì ˜ê
"œ‘´°ò …ãò" ‡òì ‹Ñ …°‘Ì«´€°ÉÅ °ÏŽòé‘Ñ. þÀÕÅ 'ºÆï€Ò' ‡òº±ò —º‘Ï€ã
Øã™�Åþº‘³ ƒÜ×‘ì ˜ìŽòé‘Ñ: ºÆï€Ò ‡òº³, —ºÆÑ ×‘ã‘³ ¶í�À‘Çò, —œ¿»ò�¯
ºÆïòé‘Å ‚°Ò‘ò, �°€î æ™�Å —œ‘Ö ºÆï€Ò ‡òé‘Çíì. �Œþ°Ö, ƒ€× —ÆÖÒ‘Å —ºÆÑ¿
—º‘ϯ€À€Æ¢ Ÿª¦ ¶íéÓò, —º‘ϯ€À Ÿª¥Ö ‡î �¥›�Å ‡ïò, �¥›�À‘ÇñÅ —º‘ϯ€À
Ÿª¥Ö —º‘ϯ€À À‘´±Ì´€°™ �ê´°Ò‘ñÅ, ØÆ›—�‘ã ×Ï°Ö �¿—º‘ϯ€À ½€¥ —ºÆÑ°í�
¶Á´°Å ‚Ž ×Ï°Ò‘ñÅ, ؀Òƀ̴°Ö �¿—º‘Ïäò ½€¥—ºÆÑ¢� Æ‘�Ò‘ñÅ, Øî‘Øíþ�íéÖ
�Üבéòê Øî‘׿º¨Å ¶Ò€ÀÆ°‘Ž ¶íéÒ‘�ñÅ, º¯½—�‘ã ×Ï°Ö �¿—º‘Ϫ�¯ …èãþ°‘Ñ
�«´€°™ �ê´³ ïíéÒ‘ñÅ, —ºÆÑ—�‘ã ×Ï°Ö �¿—º‘ϯ€À Ãà³Å …«Ì¿ »êþ°‘Ñ ×‘Ëº‘¥‘�
×Ï°Ò‘ñÅ ×�´³™ ˜êî‘Ñ ‡ò�."

ƒ›� "—º‘ϯ€À Ÿª¥Ö" »é×€� ºÆ¶€Ò�€ã (predicatives) Š³™Ž, …¯€À À´±€Ì€ÆþÆ Ÿª¨×³
‡òì »é ºÆï€Ò ×€��€ã �Þ´þ° Øã™�¿º¨×€°™ �‘¯�. ƒ³ À¬þÀ�€ÒÇÖ �¿º¦þÆ
×ÏŽòé³.�‘¯�:' Ÿª¨«Ñ —×¨×³, ˆ€î¿ —º‘Ï毀À À‘´±€Ì �‘¯¥Ö'(À¬. 27:61-2).‚�
—°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ ×ÞÇþÒþÆ ƒ¹° º¯€¥Æ °ÁÝ ½´°Ñ�è °›�ã³ €µÆ‘Ç�´€° º€¥´³™
—�‘¯¦Ï™ŽòéîÑ ‡òº³ —°äÚ.

3.2.5 —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ™ �‘Ò´±ÓϹ³ ºÇòì ×ÏÅ �Ï´°‘ŽÆ 'Ÿª¨«ÑÚ' ‡ñÅ �³, ±Ì‘Ø¥ —ÀËÆêÚ
×ÌÒ‘íêÖ €ÀÆÀ‘î ‹Í¥´€°¿ —ºíé  �Ï´°‘�Å. ƒ°€î €ÀÆÀ‘�™ —�‘¯þ¥ �×£‘î¿þº—Ì‘äÆ‘�
…Ò�Å …ËÆ×¹° —ÀË�¯¥‘Ñ °À³ �×£‘îþº‘°´€° Æ‘´³èã‘Ñ. �±Ö Ã°í ¡´±Ì´³ Äòé‘Å
�±�Ì«´³ ˆ³ØÖ: "Ÿª¨«ÑבŽÆ »Ìº¤œÅ Ÿª¨«ÑØòê ¶òé œ›�‘Ì´±ò ×ÞÆÖÒ³ Ÿ°¹±ÌÁòê  ¶íéÒ‘ò" ‡òì Ÿª¨«ÑØò �¦¿º€¥ÇþÒþÆ 'œ›�‘ÌþÀ ðÖ" ‡òì 晎òé‘Ñ. (�‘¯�:Metaphysica  Universalis of Meykandar; Suba's Home Page). ƒ›� ‡ÖÒ‘¿ º‘Ñ€×�€ãÉÅ �òïÆÅ �îòïÆÅ ‡òé×‘ì ƒÏº‘íêî°‘�™ —�‘¯¨, �òïÆ º‘Ñ€×™� ‚�Å �€î´³ —º‘ÏæîÑÚ�€ãÉÅ, Ÿª¨™�‘ÒÅ�꿽™�‘ÒÅ ‡î×ÏÅ ƒÏ×€�™ �‘Ò …«ÑÚ�þ㑨 ×Ï×±ò Ÿª¨«ÑÚ ‡î™ —�‘èŽòé‘Ñ. ‚� ƒ›�,Ÿª¨«ÑÚ �‘®�Å �òì, ¶ÏØ�íº™ �‘ª�ÉÅ �òì. þ×ì Æ‘—°î™ þ�èØ ‡àŽòé³. �°€î �ê³ Øã™�þבÅ. '�‘®�Å vs �‘Ï�Å' '¶ÏØ�íºÅ vs œØ�íºÅ ' ‡òºî þº‘òé �Ï´³™�þ㑨
—ÀË�¯¥‘Íò Ÿª¨«Ñ€× Øã™� "‚±�´³ vs �¹°�´³" ‡òé �Ï´³™�€ã �êÃ�Å —œËþבÅ.
œØ�íº™ �‘ª�Çïòì �íº›�€ã, �‘Ï�›�€ã™ �Þ´³™ �Þ´³ �¹°€îÇò —ºé¿º¨×îþ× Ãòî€×
ƒÌ¯¨Å. �‘Ï�Å ƒÖ€Ò—ÆïÖ �‘®�™ �Ï´³Å, œØ�íºÅ ƒÖ€Ò—ÆïÖ ¶ÏØ�íºÃÅ þ°‘òêÇÌ‘.
ƒ×íêí� þ×é‘�, ‹Ñ —º‘Ïè ðòðÓÖ …¯—¥î …«Ñב�Å þº‘³, —°ä×íé ‹Ñ —º‘³¿º€¥Æ‘î
(global perception) ÀéÇþÒþÆ �êבŽòé³. ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ —º‘Ïæ«Ñþ× ‚±�´°‘�Å. ƒï �Ü×êÚ
��´þ° ¶òéבì, �°ò —°ä×íì ¶Ò€ÀÇò —°ä¹³ �êÉÀ‘ì †™Ž™—�‘¯þ¥ ¶í�, �°ò æØÖ
—ÀËÆ‘�Å —°èãêØò —º‘Ïæ«Ñþ× '�¹°�´³' ‡î¿º¨Žòé³. �±�‘Ì Ã€é€ÀÇò, ŠÑ ¸–€Ò
�íì«Ñ¹±¥ ÃÆÕÅþº‘³, º‘ÇÌ´±ò ×Þ ¸–Ö ¸°ÓÆ€° —º‘³¿º€¥Æ‘�þ× �깱ϙ�Å þº‘³ �¹¸–€Ò¿ ºíêÆ �êÚ ƒ¿þºíºª¥ ‚±�´³ ‡î™ —�‘èãÒ‘Å. ƒ³þ× ¸–Ó€î™ �íì´þ°Ì, �¹°�´°‘� …ÏÀ‘íéÅ �€¥Žòé³. —°‘Ö�‘¿»ÆÑ Øã™�Å Ÿª¨«ÑÚÅ, —ÀË�¯¥‘Ñ þº‘íì׳Šƒ¿º¦ºª¥ ‚±�´³¿ —º‘Ïæ«Ñþ×´ °ØÌ ½´°Ñ�äò �‘®�ÃÅ ¶ÏØ�íºÃÅ �òì ‡î´ —°ÍŽòé³. ƒ€×—ÆÖÒ‘Å »é�,  ˆ€îÆ º¥Ò›�äÖ —°äב�ÚÅ ƒòñÅ ØÍב�ÚÅ ‚Ì‘Æ¿º¨Å.

3.2.6 ƒï ½´°Ñ�äò €µÆ‘Ç�´€° æ™�‘Ãò½, �×Ñ�ã³ �ñÀ‘î´€°ÉÅ þÀÕÅ ˆò �×Ñ�è
‚�À´€° ت¥îÑ ‡òº€°ÉÅ �ê³ ‚Ì‘Æþׯ¨Å. œ‘´°î‘Ñ ×Í�ã‘×î:

29: 50-56. ......,µ‘À œ‘±�«™ ŽÍ€Æ�è
  Àíé€× �ñÀ‘î´³ �€¥É—Àî™
  �‘ÍÆ �‘Ì« œ‘À‘ ïÆ™�Ï´³
  ‹ÍÖ »€Ý™€�É Ã¯¨»€Ý Æ‘°³
  �îÓí ½€�þº‘Ö �‘ÍÆ™ �Ï´þ°
  ..........

‡òºî.ƒ×íêí� …€ÌÆ‘�ÍÆÑ �â×ÏÅ Øã™�´€°´ °Ï×Ñ:

" —º‘³—×òé³ œ‘À‘ïÆ™ �Ï´³Å,
‡¢œ—Àòº³ �‘ÍÆ™ �Ï´³Å, ð—Òòº³ �‘Ì«™ �Ï´³À‘� �é׫ �¦�ã‘í —�‘¯¨ ˜é¿º¨Žòéî. œ‘À‘ïÆ™ �Ï´±ò�¯, œ‘°îÃÅ œ‘´±ÆÃÅ �¹¸×ÆÀ‘Ë ƒÖÒ‘€ÀÇò, ‰Æ±íŽ¥À‘Å; �‘î´±Ö ‡àÅ Æ‘€î ŠÓ, �™�‘î´þ° ƒòîØ¥—Àî ׀̹³ �‘ª¥‘€ÀÇò »€ÝÆ‘Å ‡òì ¶Æ‘Æ»¹³(3.65) ˜ìŽé³. �ÏÃŽÖ �¯¥Ø¥´³ À€Ý —ºËÉ—Àî´ ³¬ÉÅ �‘Ì«‘ñÀ‘î´±ò œ‘°îÀ‘ŽÆ ÃŽÖ �‘Ì«À‘�¢ œ‘´±ÆÀ‘ŽÆ À€Ý ×ÌÚ ŠÏ°€ÒÆ‘´ ³¬Æ¿º¥‘€ÀÇò »€ÝÆ‘Å. �‘Ì«À‘ŽÆ ÃŽí�Å �‘ÍÆÀ‘ŽÆ À€Ý ×ÌØí�Å ƒ€¥™ �‘Ì«À‘� �‘íì ðÓÆ Ú¯€ÀÇò �ב¹°Ì �‘Ì«Å œ‘´±Æ´±í�™ �ª¨¿ ºª¥°òé‘�Ò‘Ö ³¬Ú ŠÏ °€ÒÆ‘¿ —ºé¿º¥‘—°òºÑ. ƒ×íêò Ø͹° ‚Ì‘Ë¢�€Æ ±™�µ‘°Ñ ðÓþÆ‘Ñ ˜êÆ ¸–Ö�äí �¯¨ —�‘è�. �‘ÍÆ‘ñÀ‘î´±ò, ˆ³×‘ŽÆ �‘ÍÆ´±ò �¯, �‘Ì«À‘ŽÆ —º‘Ï毀À
¶Æ°À‘�Óò »€Ý´°í� ƒ¥Áò€À¿ ºíê, " »€ÝÆ‘°³ �îÓò ½€�þº‘í �‘ÍÆ™ �Ï´þ°" ‡òé‘Ñ".

‚�, �ñÀ‘î´±ÕÅ ‹Ñ ±Ï¿º´€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. �‘«×Ì‘° ¾Ñ×´±í�Å ‡±Ï™�Å —œÖ׳
‰Æ¿º‘ª¦í� …ÍƳ ‡òî, �îÓí ½€�þº‘Ö …¥ò�‘« ×Ï×±òþÀþÒþÆ, �‘ÍÆ‘ñÀ‘î±ò þÀþÒþÆ
µÅ»™€� —�‘¯¦Ï¹°îÑ ‡òº³ —×俺€¥. †Ž´³ —ºé×ÏÅ �€î´€°ÉÅ ƒ×Ñ�è �ñÀ‘î´±ÓϹ³
ØÒ™ŽþÆ €×™ŽòéîÑ. ƒ°î‘Ö �ñÀ‘î´€°¿ ºíê ‹Ñ Ã™ŽÆ ±Ï¿ºÅ µ¥¿º€° µ‘Å �‘«þׯ¨Å.
ÀÌ»ÆÕÅ —�ã°ÀÏÅ €µÆ‘Ç�´€° œ™�ÌŸÝí� �¹°€îº‘í ºª¥€×Æ‘�, �Ì¿½€¥Æ …´þ°œ´€° �Ì¿½
ÿ›ŽÆ ¶�ÀîÀ‘�¿ —ºì׳ ‡òþé —�‘¯¦Ï™� �³ ƒ›þ� ƒÖÒ‘³þº‘×€°™ �‘¯�. ‰¹³ì¿½™�è
ƒÏ¹°‘ÕÅ œ™�ÌŸÝí� �¹°€î Àì™�¿º¨Žòé³.

3.2.7 ÀíìÅ ˆ€îÆ �ã€×�ãÉÅ ×í½ì´± ƒÜØ̯¦ñè �¥™� ÃÆÖ×€°É› �‘«
æŽòé³.…€ÌÆ‘�ÍÆÑ —°‘¥ÑŽòé‘Ñ:

" ‚�À þÀíþ�‘è �°€î™ ˜ìþבñÅ ˜ìÅ —º‘ÏæÅ ‡î ƒÏ±éÀ‘� ×�™�¿—ºíì™ ˜ìþבî‘Çò ‚�ÀÅ �ñÀ‘î´³ �¥›�—ÀòìÅ —º‘Ïã‘Çò �‘ª�™�¯ �¥›�—ÀòìÅ ±™�µ‘°Ñ ˜ìŽòé‘Ñ. ƒÜבþé ‰²�´€° ‚�À´³Å, �Ï´°‘º´±€Æ �ñÀ‘î´³Å
€µÆ‘Ç�ÏÅ €×þœ¦�ÏÅ �¥™Ž™ ˜ì°Óò, �‘ª�ÉÅ �Ï´³Å ŠÞ¹° �ã€×�è Æ‘ÚÅ �Ï´±ñÅ �‘ª�ÇñÅ �¥›�À‘ì �¯¨, �‘ª�™�¯ �¥›�×î �Ï´±ò �¯®Å �¥›�—Àòì þ°Ñ¹³ "�Ï´±Ò‘î Àé€ÀÇò �ñÀ‘îÀ‘Å" ‡òé‘Ñ.

»í�‘Ò´±Ö �Ï«¹±Æ‘Ñ °Å �×£‘î�´±Æ‘ÍÖ ƒ¿º¦ �ã€×�€ã �¥™Žî‘ÕÅ, »Ì´±Æ™�Å
�ñÀ‘î´þ°‘¨ ‚�À´€°ÉÅ —�‘èŽòé‘Ñ.

3.2.8 —°‘Ö�‘¿»ÆÌ‘ÕÅ ˆ€îÆ €µÆ‘Ç�Ñ�ã‘ÕÅ …¥òºª¥ ‚�À »ÌÀ‘«´€° ½´°Ñ�è �ñÀ‘î´±Ö
þÀí˜êÆ �‘Ì«›�æ™�‘� ƒé™ŽÆþ° ½´°Ñ�è —œË° À‘—ºÏÅ ½Ìª�Æ‘�Å.ƒ›� ƒ³ —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ
þ�‘ªº‘ª¦í� ½éź‘î—בòì ‡òºþ°‘¨, º°‘Ñ´°±í�Å(word meaning)  º‘¥‘Ò‘Ñ´°±í�Å �ÖÒ³
�ÓÆ‘Ñ´°±í�Å (discourse meaning) —°‘Ö�‘¿»ÆÑ �¯¥ þ×캑¨�€ã™  �‘«‘™ �Ï¥Ñ�ã‘� ƒ×Ñ�è
‚Ëت¥ �‘Ì«´°‘þÒþÆ ƒ¿ »€ÝÉÅ þµÑ¹³èã³ ‡òº€° ‹Ñ �ê³ Øã™�þבÅ.
—°‘Ö. —º‘Ïã±�‘Ì´±Ö, À™�ã³ Šà™�›�€ã ‚Ì‘Æ¿½�¹³, �×í€é ˆà±€«�ã‘� ×�´³,
�×íêò —º‘Ïè×€��€ã �¬™�Åþº‘³, º‘¥Ö�ã‘ŽÆ ×Ý™ŽÕÅ —œËÉäÕÅ ×ÏÅ �Ó�€ãþÆ
(discourses) ‚Ì‘Æþׯ¨×³ ‡òì ˜ì×þ°‘¨ �›� Ã°Ö �Ï …Í ‡î —º‘Ïè×€��è Øã›�Å
‡òŽòé‘Ñ. '�Ó' ‡òº³ þº¢Ÿ, …€ÌÆ‘¥Ö ‡òé �¦¿º€¥ÇÖ ƒ›� 'discourse' ‡òé —º‘ÏäÖ
‚¥¿º¨Žòé³. (�‘¯� '�Ó´—°‘€�' ‡ñÅ œ›�´—°‘€� ¸–ÓÖ, þœÑ™�¿ºª¦Ï™�Å —ºÏź‘Ò‘î€×
…€ÌÆ‘¥Ö�ã‘þ× ƒÏ¿º€°.)

947. €�™Ž€ã ðґ¿ —ºÏ¹±€« ƒìבË
       Ãíº¥ Žã¹° ‡à±€« ‡òº

948. �×íìè
         µ¨×¯ ‰¹±€« µ¨×« —°‘ÞÆ¿
         º¨±€Ì €×ÆÅ º‘´±Æ¿ º¯þº

949. Ã°Ö �Ï …Í¿—º‘Ïè ‡òé Äòþé
         ¸×Õ› �‘€Ò Àé�é¹ °îþ×
         º‘¥Õª ºÇòé€× µ‘¨› �‘€Ò

950. Ã°Ö‡î¿ º¨×³ ¶ÒÅ—º‘à ±Ì¯¦ò
       ƒÆÖ—ºî —À‘Þº ƒÆÖ½«Ñ¹ þ°‘þÌ

951.     À‘þÆ‘ò þÀÆ �‘¨€é …Ò�ÃÅ
             þœþÆ‘ò þÀÆ €À×€Ì …Ò�ÃÅ
            þ×¹°ò þÀÆ ²Å½îÖ …Ò�ÃÅ
             ×Ï«ò þÀÆ —ºÏÀ«Ö …Ò�ÃÅ
             ÃÖ€Ò �ͤ� ÀÏ°Å —µË°—Òî¢
             —œ‘ÖÓÆ Ã€éÆ‘í —œ‘ÖÒÚÅ º¨þÀ

‡òº€×þÆ �€×.

ƒ›� ±€« ‡î¿º¨×³ €×Æ´±ò ¶Òþ×캑¨�è �¦¿º€¥ÇÖ —ºÆÍ¥¿ºª¥‘ÕÅ, Ÿª¥¿º¨×³ À™�ã³
Šà™�´€° ¶ì´³Å …㶀Ò�þãÆ‘Å. �¹° �� ‰¹±€« …㶀Ò�€ã ¶ì´³×îב� À‘þÆ‘ò
þœþÆ‘ò þº‘òé —°Ë×›�äò ‚ª� ‡ñÅ ˜íì ½´°Ñ�è ˜ìÅ »Ì´±Æ™�ÃÅ �ÖÒ �ñÀ‘îÃÅ �ÖÒ.
þÀÕÅ »êþ°‘Ñ ƒ¥´±Ö Ÿª¦Æבì, …èæ€é …×À´€°¿ ºíê þºœ×¹°×Ñ �³ —°Ë×Å ŠÞ¹°€°
¶Ò—îî™ —�‘èæÅ ‡òì ˜ê, —°Ë×´€° …×À‘°¿ —º‘Ïã‘� ‚™Ž, ב™Ží�Å �¹°€î™�Å
�¿º‘Ò‘î³ ‡òì ˜ìŽòé‘Ñ. þÀÕÅ �ãØÆÖ ¡´±Ì´±Ö »ò×ÏÀ‘ì ˜ìŽòé‘Ñ:

1039.        Šòþé þ×þé ‡òêÏ º‘Ö×Çò
             Šòê …Æѹ° º‘Ò³ ‚€«Çò
             Š´° ŽÝ×ñÅ ŽÝ´±ÉÅ �‘¯º
             Á™þ�‘ò ‚ÇñÅ �¦×€Ì Çòþé

ƒ›� º‘Ò‘ŽÆ Ÿ´° �׿»Ì�‘œ¿ —º‘Ïã‘� ‡¹° צ×ÃÅ �íé ³–ƗבäÆ‘� þ°‘òìÅ —°Ë×´±ò
‚€«Çò �‘Ì«À‘�þ× Š´° ‹Ñ —º¯®Å ‚®Å ƒ€«ŽòéîÑ ‡òì �ÓÆ‘Ñ´°À‘�
(discourse meaning) ˜ìŽòé‘Ñ.

ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ �êÚ�è …±¿º°í� ‚�Å —œÒÚ�è ��âÀ‘î¢ —œÒÚ�ã‘�, �€× —°‘Ö�‘¿»ÆÌ‘Ö
‡¨´þ°‘°¿º¥,½´°Ñ�ã‘Ö Š³™�¿º¨×€°™ �‘¯�. (ƒ°ò ØÍØí� �‘¯� �¦þÆî³: Tolkaappiyam
and the Origins of Tantric and Agamic Psychology,Journal of the Inst.of Asian Studies, Vol. VIII,
No.1,1990)

ƒ°í� �¦¿º€¥Æ‘Ë ƒÏ™Žòé º‘Ñ€× ‚ËØ€î œÀ«Ñ�è Á� �鿺‘� —œË±Ï™� ƒï �×Ñ�ã³
€µÆ‘Ç�´€° �ê³ �‘¯þº‘Å.
 

3.0 œÀ«Ñ�äò €µÆ‘Ç�Å

 3.3.1 —°‘¥™�´±þÒþÆ œÀ«Ñ�è ½´°Ñ�€ã þº‘òì �ÖÒ‘³, º¯€¥Æ �‘Ò¹—°‘ªþ¥ °ÁÝÑ�þ㑨 Á�
—µÏ›ŽÆ —°‘¥Ñ½�è …€¥Æ×Ñ�ã‘�ÚÅ °ÁÝ™ �¦�äÖ ŠÏ×Ì‘�ÚÅ —°òº¨ŽòéîÑ ‡òº€°
�ê¿»¥þׯ¨Å. ƒ×Ñ�è  ƒ¹±Æ‘—×›�Å �°ê™ Ž¥™Žòé ‹Ñ º¯€¥Æ ±Ì‘Ø¥ À™�è »Íב�ÚÅ
ƒÏ™�Ò‘Å. 'arhus' ‡òéþ×‘Ñ —œ‘Ö ŸþÀÏ´ °ÁÞÖ ×Ý›�Žòé³. ƒ³ œÀ«´ —°‘¥Ñ½€¥Æ '�Ï�ò'
'‚Ï�°Å' þº‘òé —œ‘í�äò ÄÒÀ‘� ƒÏ™�Ò‘Å. ƒ›� µÅ ‚ËÚ €µÆ‘Ç�´€°¿ ºíê—Æî, ƒ°€î
‹ÌãÚ µòÀéÇÖ Øã™�Å Šòº°‘Å ¸–í鑯¦î°‘�™ �Ï°¿º¨Å ÿÒþ�� ‡ñÅ °Ñ™� ¸–þÒ
ºÆòº¨´°¿ º¨Å. þׯ¨Á¥´±Ö '�Ï›�Ò¢—œ¿½' ‡ñÅ »êþ°‘Ñ º¯€¥Æ ¸–ÕÅ »éÚÅ ºÆòº¨´°¿º¨Å.
ÿÒþ��™� œÀƱב�Ì ×‘ÀîÃï×Ñ ƒÆíêÆ Á�¢ �鿺‘î º€ÝÆþ×‘Ñ …€Ì …¯¨ ‡òì �êŽþé‘Å.
‚ÇñÅ �³ À¬¿»Ìב㠵€¥ÇÖ ƒÏ™�, �°€î´ °Áâ º¨´±ÉÅ Ø㙎ÉÅ —ºÏÀ€Ý¿ ½Ò×Ñ —º‘.þ×
þœ‘ÀŸ¹°Ìî‘Ñ ‡à±Æ …€Ì€Æ Šª¦þÆ ƒ›� œÀ«Ñ�äò €µÆ‘Ç� Øã™�Å —œÖÕÅ.

3.3.2 ÿÒþ�� °ÏÀÚ€Ì œÏ™�´±Ö Á� ØÍב� ºÒ×€�¿ »é¿½™�€ã ×Í€œº¨´±, ‡Üבì
ƒÜבé‘î ‡ÖÒ‘ »éØ�æÅ ³™�ÃÅ ³òºÃÅ ¶€é¹°°‘� ƒÏ™Žòé³ ‡òº€° …«Ñ´±Æ »ò,
�°í�ÍÆ ÀϹ°‘� œÀ«œÀÆ´±ò �¦¿º€¥�è Øã™�¿º¨Žòéî.

 þºÑ°í� �ÏÅ»¬°‘Å ƒ€× �¿»¬
 ²Ñ°í�ÍÆ ±ÍþÆ‘� ÀϹ±€× �€×
 ‹Ñ°Ö —°äþב¨ Šà™�Å ƒ€× …¯¥‘Ñ
 þºÑ´° � »¬Éè »é×‘Ñ —ºÍ±òºÃíþé
    (ÿÒ.116)

»é¿»î‘Ò‘�Å »¬�€ã —×òì ³òºÅ —�¨´³ ƒòºþÀ ½�™�´ °Ï×î ‹Ñ°Ö —°ä°Ö µÖ—Ò‘à™�Å
‡î¿º¨Å Äòì ×ÞÀé�è ‡î¿º¨Å �þ°—º‘à³, »éØ´ ³òº›�è Àî¿»¬�è ×Þ ‡à×î ‡ñ›
�Ï´±Ö Àþî‘ÀÏ´³×À‘� ƒ€× º�Ì¿º¨Žòéî ‡òº€°™ �‘¯�. ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ Àþî‘ÀÏ´³×¢ �¹°€î
œÀ«Ñ�ã³ µò—�‘€¥Æ‘�ÚÅ »í�‘Ò´±Ö �´°Ñ�ã‘Ö —ºÍ³Å ×ãÑ™�¿ºª¥ ‹Ñ ³€éÆ‘�ÚÅ
—°ÍŽòé³. '±Í�¨�Å' '�캤œÄÒÅ' þº‘òé Žâ�«™� ¸–í�äò �¹°€î þº‘™��þ㑨 Š´³
×Ï×°‘�ÚÅ —°ÍŽòé³. ƒ€× °ï´°ïÆ‘� ÀϹ°‘�‘³, ˜ª¥‘�þ× �€ÀÉÅ ‡òº³ ƒ×Ñ�ã‘Ö
×í½ì´°¿º¨Å Šòé‘�Å. �°€î …€ÌÆ‘�ÍÆÑ ƒÜבì Øã™�בÑ:
 

" ±ÍþÆ‘� ÀϹ³ ‡î™ ˜ª¨ÀϹ°‘�™ ˜êƳ; ƒ€× Äòì› ˜¦Æ ×ÞÆòê´ °ï´°ïþÆ ¶òì »¬ ²Ñ¿ºî ×ÖÒ—×ò ì«Ñ´°í�. ‡ò€î? µò£‘î Àª¨þÀ ÀϹ°‘Çò �³ þ°‘òêÆ —º‘àþ°
Ù¨íþé‘î‘°Ö þׯ¨Å; �òêÉŠ؀îÆ‘Ö ¶�àÅ »¬ ðґÇîÚÅ ŠÞ°Ö þׯ¨Å. ƒï ÀÆ™�×êþ× �ª¦í�™ �‘Ì«À‘°Ö þׯ¨Å; þׯ¥þ× »é œÀÆ›�ã‘ŽÆ ŠþÌ Ã¦Ú€¥Æ×í€é …«Ñ°ÕÅ �ª¦í�™ �‘Ì«À‘°Ö þׯ¨Å; �×íêòº‘Ö ºíêòêÉ«Ñ°Ö �ª¦í�™ �‘Ì« Àò—éïò, ºò æڀ¥´°‘ŽÆ ‚Ï�° œÀÆÃÅ ºíêòêÉ«ÏÁ¥´³ Ùª¦íþ�³×‘�‘°‘Å;  ‚°Ò‘Ö µí�‘ª�™� þ×é‘î µÖÒêÚÅ Á€�Æ‘Ë Ùª¦í þ�³×‘�‘°‘Å. ‚Çò ƒÜØ̯¨þÀ �€ÀÉÅ, µÖ—Ò‘à™�Å Á€�Æ‘Å »é—×ïò �ÝŽ°òì. ‡ò€î? »ê—°‘Ï ¶�â¢�ÉÁòê µÖÒêÚÅ µí�‘ª�ÉÅ ŠÏ›þ� ¶�â°þÒ µÖ—Ò‘à™�Å ‚°Óò ‡ò�."

µÖÒêÚ ŠÞÆ µí�‘ª� ƒÖ€Ò; þÀÕÅ �ê¹³ —°ä¹° »òîþÌ µÖ—Ò‘à™�Å ×ÏÅ ‡òº°‘Ö ÄòìþÀ
ŠÏ›þ� þׯ¥íº‘Ò°‘Žòé³ ‡òìÅ ˜é¿º¨Žòé³. ƒÅÄòìÅ Šòê€î¿ ºíê Šòì ×Ï×°‘�´
—°òº¨Žòé³. œ‘Í´±ÌÀ‘ŽÆ Šà™�´±í� ƒ×Ñ�è ðò€À —�‘¨¿º€°™ �‘¯�. ƒ³ ×ÌÒ‘íì
�鿽Á™� ‹Ñ ˜íé‘�Å ƒ³.

3.3.3 ƒï µò£‘îÅ ‡òº³ Æ‘³ ‡òì Øã™�¿½�€�ÇÖ, �×í€é —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ €µÆ‘Ç� …ì¿»ÆÖ
�¹€°þÆ‘¨ �â�¯¥×‘ì ×Í€œ¿º¨´³Žòé‘Ñ: "†î´€° ƒòê …ÇÌ‘±Æ …è—º‘Ïè�è °‘ò
µ›�«Ñ°Ö" ‡òì ÿÒþ��Æ‘Ñ ˜é, …€ÌÆ‘�ÍÆÑ �°€î ØÍ™�Å þº‘³ �¹°¿ —º‘Ϫ�€ã:
º¤œ‘´±�‘ÆÅ, �ì×€�—º‘Ïè, ‡à×€�¿—º‘Ïè, ‡¯×€�¿—º‘Ïè, Šòº³×€�¿ —º‘Ïè ‡òŽòé‘Ñ.
ƒ×í€é ƒòñÅ —°äב™�Åþº‘³, º¤œ‘´±�‘ÆÅ ‡òº³ ž×‘´±�‘ÆÅ,�ž×‘´±�‘ÆÅ °ÏÀ‘´±�‘ÆÅ
�°ÏÀ‘´±�‘ÆÅ ‚�‘œ‘´±�‘ÆÅ ‡òñÅ ‰¹³ ‡òŽòé‘Ñ. ƒ×íþ鑨 �‘ÒÃÅ ˜¥ ‚é‘Žòé³. ˆà×€�
‡òº³: ž×ò �ž×ò ‚¢�Ì×Å œÃ×ÌÅ ¶Ñ¢œÌÅ �ª¨ Ù¨ ‚ŽÆ€× ‡î¿º¨Žòé³. ‡¯×€�¿º¨×€°ÉÅ
ƒÜבþé °ï´³ ºª¦ÆÓ¨ŽòéîÑ: °€Ò×ò ¸–Ö —º‘Ïè �ã€× ÃÆí� ƒÓ›�Å œ‘Í´±ÌÅ ºÒÅ
‚Ž€×. Šòº³×€� ‡ñÅþº‘³ þÀí˜é¿ºª¥ ˆà —º‘Ϫ�þ㑨 µÖØ€îÉÅ ²Ø€îÉÅ þœÑ™�¿º¨Žòé³. ƒ›� '�ø±�‘ÆÅ' ‡ñÅ ×¥—À‘Þ¢ —œ‘Ö °Áâ '—ÀË—º‘Ïè' ‡òº±ò ×¥—À‘Þ ‚™�À‘�Å.
ƒÜבé‘î …ª—º‘Ϫ�€ã †îÁòê �ê°í� �ÏØÆ‘� —�‘è㿺¨×îþ× �ã€×�è ‡î¿ºª¨
�â�¯¥×‘ì �€× Øã™�ÚÅ º¨Žòéî.

 �‘¯¥ÕÅ �ÖÒþ° Æã€× �‘¯¥òÃò
 ¾ò¥€×Å —º‘êÀîÅ �×± ½¯¬Æ
 À‘¯¥� Àî¿ºÍ Æ‘Æ› þ�×Ò
 µ‘¯¥�Å �Í€×ÆÑ …Ï×Å µ¯¬î‘Ë
    (ÿÒ. 118)

�‘¯¥Ö, �‘¯¥Ö �ÖÒ‘°³ ‡òéבì �ã€×�€ã ×�´³, �‘¯¥€Ò ºÝØ€îÆ‘Ö Ãòþº ‡Ë±Æ
‰¹³×€�¿ —º‘ê™�‘ª�ÉÅ À‘î°™ �‘ª�ÉÅ �×±£‘î™ �‘ª�ÉÅ ½¯¬Æ´°‘þÒ À‘¯°�
ÀÍÆ‘Æ£‘î™ �‘ª�ÉÅ þ�×Ò£‘î™ �‘ª�ÉÅ ‡òé×‘ì —�‘㿺¨Žòé³. …€ÌÆ‘�ÍÆÑ ƒ×í€é
ƒòñÅ ƒÜבì Øã™�בÑ:

" ƒï, —º‘ê™�‘ª�Ƒ׳ �¯ ðÓÆ —º‘ê�ã‘þÒ ¶Ò ðÓÆ ½é¿—º‘Ïèºíê¿ »é™�Å £‘îÀ‘Å. À‘î°™ �‘ª�Ƒ׳, ƒòº ³òº ØÆÖ½�è —º‘Ïã‘�ÚÅ ¶€îÚ Ã°ÓÆ
�êÚ�è —º‘Ïã‘�ÚÅ »é™�Å £‘îÀ‘Å. �×±£‘î™�‘ª�Ƒ׳, �×± £‘î‘×Ì­ÆÅ ÙÍÆ‘¹°Ì‘ÆÅ ‡ñÅ À€é¿½ Ø€î�äò �ÞבñÅ �¥™�´°‘ñÅ »éÑ Àî´³ ¶€î´° —º‘π㿠ºíê Á™�¿ —ºÏŽÆ Øã™�´°°‘Ž¿ »é™�Å £‘îÅ. þ�×Ò £‘î™ �‘ª�Ƒ׳: £î‘×Ì­ÆÅ °Íœî‘×Ì­ÆÅ þÀ‘�ÿÆÅ �¹°Ì‘ÆÅ ‡òñÅ �‘± Ø€î�è ŠÞ×é™ —�ª¥×Þ¿ »é¿º°‘ŽÆ ž×ò ðÓÆ ‡ÖÒ‘¿ —º‘Ïè�€ãÉŠÙ�‘Ò ¶�â¢��€ãÉÅ �ÏØÉŠÀéÉÅ °€¥ÉÅ ƒòê, —µ‘¦¿—º‘à±þÒ �¯¨ —�‘è×°‘Ë  Øã™�´±íþ� °€Ò×Ìź‘Æ Øã™� À¥´°‘ŽÆ �Ï�™�¥Úäî³ �¥Úè £‘îÀ‘Å. „¯¨  Øã™�—Àòº³, Ø€îÇò ÿ™�´±í� ˆíé×‘ì …ÇÍò�¯ º¦¿º¦Æ‘Ë Á™�´ þ°‘òìÅ �ê—×‘ä ‡ò�."

3.3.4 �‘¯¥Ö ŠÞ¹° »é×í€é �¨´° º‘¥ÓÖ ƒÜבì Øã™�בÑ.

 ¶€îÚ Âª¨«ÑÚ †�Å þµÑ°Ï
 ½€îÚ þœÑ �®€À —º‘ËÇò€À —ÀËÉ€Ì
 Ã€î×Ñ °Å ‚�À—À‘ÞÉÀ‘ �—Àòì
 �€îÆî �‘ª�ƒÖ �ã€× ‰¹³þÀ

»Ì´±Æ™�´±í� þ×é‘ŽÆ �ã€×�è ¶€îÚÅ, ª¨«ÑÚÅ, …×€À ‡¨´³™�‘ª¨Žòé �Ýþ�‘¨ ˜¦Æ
�ñÀ‘îÃÅ, —º‘Ë ˜é‘€ÀÉÅ —ÀËþÆ ˜ì°ÕÀ¥Æ Ãï×Ñ ±Ï×‘Ë ÀÒѹ°ÏäÆ ‚�À —À‘ÞÉÅ ‚�Å
‡òì ˜é¿º¨Žòé  ‰¹³ ‡òºî. ƒ×í€é¿ ºíêÆ ØÍבî Øã™�´€° …€ÌÇÖ �¯¨—�‘è�.
ƒ›� µ‘Å —ºÍ³Å �Ï° þׯ¦Æ³ œÀ«Ñ�è °ÏÅ Á� ØÍבî �‘¯¥Ö Øã™�þÀ. °ÁÝ þÀÕÅ ƒ¹±Æ
—ÀËÆêÚ ×ÌÒíêÖ Á� �鿺‘î ƒ¥´€° ƒ¹° Øã™�Å »¦´³èã³. »í�‘Ò´±Ö ƒ´°€�Æ×í€é
þÆ‘�™ �‘ª�, ؤ£‘î™ �‘ª� �×£‘î™�‘ª� ‡ò—éÖÒ‘Å °ÁÝ À™�è €œ×Å º¨´±ÉèãîÑ.
ƒ×Ñ�ã³ �×± £‘î™�‘ª�Æ‘±, �¥¿½Ï �‘¯ ±é›�ã‘�Å.(telepathy, transductive perception)
€œ×´±Ö  º¯þ¥ ºÇÕÅ ¸°ÖØÞ¿ º‘Ñ€×Çò »êþ°‘Ñ Øã™�—ÀòìÅ —�‘èãÒ‘Å. »í�‘Ò´±Ö �´°
—ºÏÀ™�ã‘ÕÅ —ºÍ³Å ‚˹³ ×ãÑ™�¿ºª¥ ‹Ñ ³€éÉÀ‘�Å.

4.0 œÀ«´±Ö —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ´ °‘™�Å

3.4.1 °ÁÝ¢ œÀ«Ñ�è ‡òº‘Ñ ºÝ¹°ÁÝÑ�äÖ ‹Ñ œ‘Ì‘þÌ ‡òì —°ÍŽòé³. °ÁÝ¢ œÀ«Ñ�è
½´°Ñ�€ã¿ þº‘òì ƒ€¥þÆ ×¹³ þœÑ¹°×Ñ�è �ÖÒ ‡òþé ¶€î™�ÚÅ ×ÏŽòé³. °ÁÝ¢ �¹°€îþÆ‘¨
�Ü×ãÚ —µÏ™�À‘î ‹Ñ Šíì€À€Æ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. þÀÕÅ —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ ÀÌ»ò ‹Ñ �Ò ˜ì�€ã
ƒ×Ñ�þã ×ãÑ´³ �¹° —ºÏÅ ÀÌ»í� ‚™�Å þœÑ´°×Ñ�ã‘�ÚÅ —°ÍŽòéîÑ.—°‘Ö�‘¿»ÆÑ �‘Ò´±Ö
º‘Ñ¿ºîÑ�þ㑨 ‡¯«¿ºª¨ —ºÍ³Å À™�ã‘Ö À±™�¿ºª¥ �ê×Ñ�è ‡î¿º¨þבÍò ×Þ´þ°‘òéÖ�þã
ƒ×Ñ�è ‡òì ‡¯«ÚÅ þ°‘òìŽòé³.
 ƒ×Ñ�è ‚�ÀÅ ‡òì —�‘è׳ ÀÌ»ÆÓÖ Øã™�¿º¨Å Ã°Ö ¸–þÒÆ‘�Å. —º‘˺ÇÒ‘° —ÀËÉ€Ì Ã€î×Ñ
‡òº³Å, Ø€îÇò ÿ›Ž Øã›ŽÆ �êØò Àî×ò ‡òº³Å þ×éÖÒ. 'Øã›ŽÆ �êÚ" ‡òºþ° ƒ›�
ƒòñÅ ØÍב� �×±£‘™ �‘ª��ã‘� ÀîºÍÆ‘Æ™�‘ª��ã‘� —�‘è㿺¨Žòé³ ‡îÚÅ
—°ÍŽòé³. 'Ø€îÇò ÿ›Ž' ‡òºþ° ƒ›� À€é¿º‘ŽÆ ‚×Ì­ÆÅ þº‘òé€× �Ýòì ¶òì ½³¿½³
¸€ÝÚ�è —ºíì  �¯¥êÆ‘°î �¯¨ —°ä×°‘�Å.

3.4.2 —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ´±Ö ºÒ ƒ¥›�äÖ �ê×Ñ�€ã¿ ºíêÆ �꿽�è …¯¨. º‘€ÒƳ ½éî‘ŽÆ ×‘€�´
±€«€Æ¿ ºíê ˜é×¹°×Ñ, "°‘ØÖ —�‘è€�´ °´°Å ˜í€é¿ º‘�º¥ Á�±¿ º¨´°Ö" ‡òì �€°
ØÍ™�Å þº‘³, �ê×Ñ�€ã ˆ€îþÆ‘€ÌØ¥ �€¥—�‘¨´³ �é¿»´³ �ê¿»¨Žòé‘Ñ:

1021. �ì×€�¿ ºª¥ º‘Ñ¿ºî¿ º™�ÃÅ
         ‰×€� ÀÌ»ò �ÌœÑ º™�ÃÅ
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         ÀìØÖ —œË± Ä×€�™ �‘ÒÃÅ
         —µêÇò ‚íêÆ �ê×ò þ°ÆÃÅ
         µ‘ÓÏ ×Ý™Žò °‘º°¿ º™�ÃÅ
         º‘Òê ÀÌ»ò —º‘쵄 �¯®Å
         �€î¶€Ò ×€�—Æ‘¨ ‚›—�à ×€�Ç
         —°‘€�¶€Ò —ºíé³ ‡òÀî‘Ñ ½Ò×Ñ.

ƒ›� �íéÀíé Šà™�¢žÒÑ�ã‘�, ÀìØÖ —œË± …€¥Æ×Ñ�ã‘�, þÀÕŠÀé—Æ‘¨ —µê»€ÝÆ‘³
�íéÀíì Ä×€�™ �‘Ò´€°ÉÅ —°äב�, ‚� ‡±Ñ�‘Ò´€°ÉÅ …«Ñ¹³´ —°ä¹°×Ñ�ã‘� �ê×Ñ�è
±�âŽò逰 —°‘Ö. �ê¿»¨×€°™ �‘¯�. ƒ¿ºº¦¿ºª¥ ±Í�‘Ò £‘î´€° ºà°é´ °Ï×þ°
œÀ«Ñ�䀥 �×±£‘î Àî¿€ºÆ‘Æ �‘ª��ã‘Žòéî ‡òº³ —º‘Ϲ³×þ°.

 þÀÕÅ �í»ÆÓÖ �×Ñ�ã³ œÃ°‘Æ¿ º¬ÉÅ Øã™�¿º¨Žòé³.

1099. �ÞØñÅ ×ÌØñÅ ¶�âØñÅ ×Þ—�‘ã
         µÖÒ€× …€Ì´°ÕÅ �ÖÒ€× �¦°ÕÅ
         —œØÓ™ �ÍÆ ×‘�Å ‡òº

1100. —œ‘ÖÓÆ™ ŽãØ �ê×Ñ™�Å …Í´þ°

1458. º‘Ñ¿º‘Ñ �ê×Ñ ‡òê×Ñ ŽãØ
         Æ‘Ñ™�Å ×€ÌÆ‘Ñ Æ‘¿—º‘¨ ½«Ñ¹þ°

ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ —°‘¯¨¿º¬�€ã º¤œ œÁ± ‡òì ˜ê �×í€é Øã™�Å ×€�ÇÖ þÀÏÀ¹±Ì ½Ì‘«¢
—œËÉè Šò€é …€ÌÆ‘�ÍÆÑ °Ï×Ñ:

 "Ãòñ�´ °ãÚ þµ‘™Ž Ãò½»ò »ÍÆ¢ —œÖÒ‘Ñ
 ƒò—œ‘ÕÅ »éÑ° À™�Å ƒ°´°î ×òê¢ —œ‘ÖÒ‘Ñ
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 ³ò½é™ þ�‘¥Ö €×´°Ö ÀÒ›�€ã ³é´°Ö —œÖÒ‘Ñ"

‚� ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ Šíì€À™ ˜ì�è ºÒØÏ¿»ñÅ, ØÍפ� ƒ°€î 晎òþé‘Å. �¨´°°‘� ×ÌØÏ™�Å
€œ×´±Ö €µÆ‘Ç�Å ‡ñÅ º¥Ò´±Ö, œÀ«Ñ�äò °‘™�´€° �ê³ �‘¯þº‘Å.

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