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‡òº³ Šòì. ƒÜÚ¯€À �ì×Ñ …€Ì�è ×ÞÉÅ �°ò »é� ‡à¹³èã …€Ì�è ×ÞÉÅ —°äב�Å ‹Ñ
…¯€ÀÆ‘�Å. —ÀË�¯¥‘Ñ ˆ³ ±Ïª¥‘¹°›�ã‘Ö ‚ÝÀ‘î …¯€À�€ã Ø㙎î‘ÕÅ ‚›� ºÇÖ׳
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µ‘Å ƒòñ–ÓÖ —°äÚº¨´³þבÅ. µ‘›�‘Å ¸–Ö Ãà³Å ƒ°íþ� Š³™�¿º¨Å.

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Øã™�¿º¨Žòé³. ƒ°€î Šª¦þÆ °´³×¿»Ì�‘œÅ þº‘òé ¸–í�äÖ €µÆ‘Ç�Å ØÍ™�¿º¨Žòé³. �ã€×
ƒÒ™�«Å ‡òéþ×‘Ñ —ºÍÆ ¸–Ö ƒÏ¹°°‘� �êÆ×ÏŽòþé‘Å. ‚ÇñÅ ‹Ñ �Ò º‘¥Ö�è Ž€¥™Žòéîþ×
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‚²î´³ �þ�‘Ì �ב¢œ‘ÍÆ‘Ñ ‹Ñ ½³€À —œËŽòé‘Ñ : �ã€× …¯€ÀÇÖ �휙±þÆ, »Ì´±Æ™�Å
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2.0 £‘î‘ÁÑ°´±Ö €µÆ‘Ç�Å

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�Œ³ ƒÏ¹°º¦ …€Ì¿þº‘Å, þ�ã‘Ë. —œÅ½™�™ �‘ä°ÃÅ Øã›�—À‘ä É€¥´°‘ŽÆ ºä›�™�¢ Ÿ´°ÃÅ
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ºÌÀ‘œ‘ÍÆò.

4.2.2  ��×Ö 11-ƒÖ �ñÀ‘î´°‘Ö ºŸÚ¯€À ¶ì´°¿º¨Žòé³.
 
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 ½í�Òò ‡ò�; Ší�ÁÖ þœ°îÅ
 �êÚ ×ê³ �þœ°îÅ ‡òî
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ƒ°€î¿ ºíê …€Ì ƒÜ×‘ì ˜ìÅ:

ƒ³ ºŸ …ãò ‡ò€�™�¿ »ÌÀ‘«Å ‡ò—îî �¹¸×Æ þ×±þÌŽ ƸÀ‘î´°‘í ºŸ Ú¯€À ˜êƳ.

þÀÕÅ …€ÌÆ‘�ÍÆÑ ƒ¹° ��×Óò €µÆ‘Ç¿þº‘™€� ƒÜבì �‘¯º‘Ñ.

»Ì±¤€£: ºÞ¿€º¿ °ÏŽòé þ°�´±þÒ, ÿ›�‘³ ‹Ñ ‚òÀ‘ …ãò.

ˆ³ : �°í� þ°�Å —�¥‘° €œ°òïÆÅ �ÖÒ‘€ÀÆ‘Ö

±ª¥‘¹°Å: ‡³þº‘Ò—×ïò �¥´€°¿ þº‘Ò

…ºµÆÅ:     ‚°Ò‘í �¥ÃÅ ŠÏ×ò —�‘¨þº‘Ží þº‘Å, �ÖÒ‘Ø¦Ö ƒÏ™�Å, �³¿ þº‘Ò´ þ°�ÃÅ °‘þî
þº‘™� ×ÌÚ º¯«À‘ª¥‘°‘°Ò‘ò

¶�ÀîÅ:  °‘ò þ×ì þ°�Å þ×ì ‡î Øþ׎´³ �êÆ‘³ ƒ´ þ°�´€°¿ þº‘™�×ÌÚ º¯®Žé×ò Æ‘×ò,
�×ò �ÞØÖÒ‘° ‚òÀ‘ ‡òì —�‘è�.
 �êÚ ‡òêÏ¿º³ þœ°îî‘ŽÆ ‚òÀ‘—×òìÅ �êØÖÒ‘°³ �þœ°îÀ‘ŽÆ …¥Å½ ‡òìÅ ƒ¹° €µÆ‘Ç�Å
—œÖŽòé³.

4.2.3 �¨´°°‘� º‘Íþœ¥Å ‡î¿º¨Å ŠÞÚ �ã€× ×ÞÆ‘�ÚÅ ƒÜÚ¯€À …«Ñ´°¿º¨Žòé³. "ƒ³,
»Ìº¤œÅ �‘ÍÆÀ‘°Óò º‘Íþœ¥´°‘Ö ‚òÀ‘Øò —º‘Ϫ—¥î¿ ºŸÚ¯€À »òñ› ˜êƳ" ‡òé×‘ì …€Ì
Øã™�Žòé³. ƒ¹° ��×ÓÖ º‘Íþœ¥Å ‡òé �€Ò¢—œ‘ÖÕÅ ºÇÖŽòé³.

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�Ï«¹±Æ‘Íò €µÆ‘Ç�™ �Ï´³™�€ã¢ �ê³ �‘¯þº‘Å.

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±é´±í� ‹Ñ ×ÌÅ»¨Žòé‘Ñ.

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 ¶€éÇî‘Ñ �«Ñ´þ°‘Ñ™ —�ÖÒ‘Å µ€�Ç€î ¶ì´³ Àòþé

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‚�À›�€ã �êÆÒ‘Å, �³—º‘à³ �ã€×ÇÆí �¹°€î ×Þ, —°äØÖÒ‘³ Ž¥¿º€°  £‘î¢ —œË±�ã‘Ö —°ä¹³
ÀÏ—ãÖÒ‘Å þº‘™Ž´ —°ä¹³ ��´³ Ž¥™�Å �¤£‘î ƒÏ€ã¿ þº‘™Ž Š´° �¹°€îÇò �¦Æ‘Ñ�þ㑨 ƒïþ°
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ƒ›� ½´°Ñ�€ã¿ þº‘òì ‚î‘Ö »Ì´±Æ™�Å �ñÀ‘îÅ ‡òé ƒ×íþ鑨 œÀ«Ñ�€ã¿ þº‘Ò
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Ø�íº›�þã ‡òì  ‰Æ¿º‘ª¦íŽÖÒ‘ ×€�ÇÖ €µÆ‘Ç�Å ˜é¿º¨Žò逰™ �‘¯�.
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4.3.2  »Ì´±Æ™�Å �ÖÒ³ �‘ª� Øã™�Å
 

�´±Æ‘ÍÖ  ƒ°í� Ãò½ €œ×Ñ�è —œ‘ÖÒ‘° �ãØí� �Ï«¹±Æ‘Ñ ƒ¹° Äòì �ã€×�äò
ƒÒ™�«›�€ãÉÅ —°äÚ º¨´° ÃÆí�™Žòé‘Ñ. À‘�ÖÒ‘ µí�‘ª� ‡òº³ "‰Æ¹±Í»òê Ø�íºÃòî‘
‚œé �ê×°‘�Å" ‡òì Øã™�Žòé‘Ñ. �¯¥ —º‘π㠃̪¨é™ �‘¯º³ ‰ÆÅ, ±ÍÆþ×™ �‘«Ö ±ÍÚ,
—ºÆÑ œ‘± �«þÀ �òÀÅ —º‘Ïè ‡òéבì �‘¯º³ œØ�íº …«ÑÚ; —º‘Ïè …¯€À À‘´±Ì´±ò
د¥Ö ƒÖÒ‘ �êÚ ¶ÏØ�íºÅ ‡òìÅ Øã™�¿º¨Žòé³. …€ÌÆ‘�ÍÆÑ�è ƒ°í� ºÒ×‘ì …€Ì
˜êî‘ÕÅ, ‰ÆÃÅ »éâ¢� …«ÑÚ�è  ±ÍÚ�è �Ì¿½�è Æ‘³Áòê,  ¶ÏØ�íº …«ÑØ€î Ãíºª¥
Šòé‘� —�‘¯¦Ï¿ºþ° �‘ª� ‡î¿º¨Žòé³. þÀÕÅ ƒ°€î בÇí�‘ª�, °òþ×°€î™ �‘ª�, À‘î°™
�‘ª� þÆ‘�™ �‘ª�—Æî  µ‘›�‘�  �×íêò »é¿»ÆÖ �¦¿º€¥ÇÖ ×�´³›
˜ì×Ñ. ƒ¿º¦™ �‘¯º³ œÀ«Ñ�þ㑨 �ê³ Š´³Å ×ÏŽòé³. ƒ±Ö ƒ¹±ÍÆ™ �‘ª� �ÖÒ³
בÇí�‘ª�(sensory perception) ‡òº³ ½´°Ñ�è —�‘¯¥ �‘®�Å þº‘òì "…ÇÍò ‹¨«ÑÚ ×‘ÇÖ
ŠäÉÏ ‚± ºíê¢ —œÇÏì Ø�íºÅ ƒòê´ —°Í׳" ‡òŽòé‘Ñ. �×£‘îþÆ‘Ž�è ƒ°€î :

"°ò€î þµ‘™Ž ¶í�Å �êבŽÆ ‚òÀ‘ØïòìÅ, إƛ�€ã þµ‘™Ž ‹¨Å �êבŽÆ �휴±, �¯
ðÓÆ —º‘ê�€ãÉÅ, �×íêí�´ ³€«Æ‘Ë ×Ó—œË³ …¥ò ¶í�¹ þ°É ðÓÆ ¾°›�€ãÉÅ
�¿¾°›�æ™� ðí�‘Ì«À‘Ë �×í€é ت¨ ÿ›�°Óòê …¥î‘ŽÆ …Ï× °òÀ‘´±€Ì�ãÉÅ �±ª¦´³™
—�‘¯¨ ‰Æ غΰ �íé›�æÅ —º‘Ϲ±Æ —ºÆÑ œ‘± ðÓÆ Ø�íºÃÁòê, …Ï× Ã°ÓÆ ‰Å½Ò›�€ã
¶ÏØ�íºÀ‘Ë �êÉÅ �êÚ ×‘Çí�‘ª� ‡î¿º¨Å" ‡òéבì ØÍב� Øã™�בÑ. ƒÜבé‘î ƒ³ ƒòî³
‡òéבì ×ÏÅ ºÒ×€�Æ‘î Ø�íº›�þ㑨, �‘Ï�›�þ㑨 ˜¦Æ Ú«ÑØí� ˆ³×‘Ë ƒÏ¿º³
À‘î°™ �‘ª� (cognition �ÖÒ³ mental perception). "�ÆÑØÖ ƒ¹±ÍÆ £‘îÅ ‰Å½Òò œ‘ѹ³
…ÇÑ™�¯, ÀÆÑ×é ×¹° £‘îÅ À‘î°™ �‘¯¥Ò‘þÀ" ‡òº³ �Ï«¹±Æ‘Ñ ×‘™�.

�¨´°°‘� ×Ï׳ ƒòº´³òº …«ÑÚ�€ã �êÆ´°ÏÅ °òþ×°€î™ �‘ª� ‡òº³. ƒ°€î " �Ϲ±òº´
³òºÅ …èã´ °êØñ™�  �Ì‘�Å ‚± °ÏÅ °òþ×°€î™ �‘ª�" ‡òì  Øã™�×‘Ñ �Ï«¹±Æ‘Ñ.
ƒ°€î �×£‘î þÆ‘Ž�è ƒÜבì ØÍ¿ºÑ: (�ÅÀ‘î°™ �‘ª� Øþœ¥Å ºíê þÀźª¨ ¶�ठœ´³×�«
ðÓÆ×íêò Øã™�À‘ŽÆ) ¸�Ì¿º¨Å ƒòº³òº›�è, ½Ï¥î³ �êØí� (Ø¥ÆÀ‘ź¦), �Ì‘�ŠðÓÆ
‰¹³ °´³×›�ã‘ÕÅ ½«Ñ™�¿º¨×°€î …ÇþÌ‘¨ …«ÑÚ —°Í׳, °òþ×°€î�‘ª� ‡î¿º¨Å. þÆ‘Ž�è
œ´³×Å ƒÌ‘œ°Å °‘À°Å ‡î¿º¨Å Ù�«›�þ㑨 (ÄÒ´±Ö ƒ™�꿽 ƒÖ€Ò—Æòé‘ÕÅ) ƒòº³òº
…«ÑÚ�äò þ°‘íéÒ‘íê€î —º‘Ï´³×€°™ �‘¯�. —°‘Ö�‘¿»ÆÑ �òþé �¯¥: ‹Ü—×‘Ï …ÇÑ™�Å
ƒòºÅ  ‡òº³ °‘Å°‘Å þÀ×íé‘�Å: ‡òº€°´ °‘ò �Ì‘�‘± °´³×›�è  �¦¿º€¥ÇÖ Øã™�¿
º¨Žòé³. ºÖ×€� ƒ¢€œ�€ã´ þ°íì׳ �Ì‘�´ °´³×Å ‡òì —�‘è㿺¨Žòé³. Šòê€î ƒ³
ƒòî³ ‡ò Ï —°ä¹°þ×‘Ñ �êÚ¥þîþÆ ƒòº´³òº …«ÑÚ�è �ÏŽŠ‡òº€°´°‘ò À‘î°™ �‘ª�
Øþœ¥´±Ö ƒÜÚ«ÑÚ�è ‡à×°‘�™ ˜ì×Ñ.

ƒï ƒ°í� �¨´°°‘� ×Ï׳ þÆ‘�™ �‘ª� ‡î¿º¨Žòé³. ƒ°€î Øã™�¿ ½�Å �Ï«¹±Æ‘Ñ ƒÜבì
˜ì×Ñ: œÀ‘±Æ‘ò ÀÒ›�è בª¦¿ —º‘Ϲ±Æ þ°œ �‘Ò ƒÆÖ½ ��Ö —º‘Ïè�—ãÖÒ‘Å ƒÏ¹³«ÑŽòé
£‘îÅþÆ‘� µí�‘¯¥Ò‘þÀ: ‡òºÑ. þÆ‘Ž�è ƒ°€î ƒÜבì Øã™�בÑ: ( ƒÜבêòê �ê€×
°€¥—œË³ ¶íŽòé) ÀÒœ´±�€ã, ƒÆÀ ¶ÆÀ ðÓÆ �ª¥‘›�þÆ‘� œÀ‘±Æ‘ò ŠÏ×‘ì —�¨´³,
(‹Í¥´³ ‹Ñ �‘Ò´³)ƒÏ¹°‘›ŽÏ¹³, —º‘Ï´°¿ºª¥ ÄØ¥´³Å Ù�‘Ò´³Å ƒÆÖº‘� Ø͹°
—º‘Ïè�—ãÖÒ‘×í€éÉÅ �‘¯Žòé �‘ª�Æ‘Ë …ÇþÌ‘¨ …«ÑÚ —°Í׳ µò€ÀÆ‘ŽÆ þÆ‘�™ �‘ª�
‡î¿º¨Å: ‡òº³. ƒ›� �Ï«¹±Æ‘Íò "þ°œ �‘Ò ƒÆÖ½ ��Ö —º‘Ïè" ‡òé ב™Ž€î  ¶´±Æ
œ´±Æ —º‘Ϫ�äò �êÚ ‡òì þÆ‘Ž�è —�‘è׳ »€ÝÆ‘î Šòþé ‡î¿º¨Žòé³. —ÀË�¯¥‘Ñ ˜íìÅ
�°€î °àØþÆ¢ —œòé �Ï«¹±Æ‘Ñ ˜íìÅ ƒ°í� ‚°Ìב� ƒÖ€Ò. "þ°œ �‘Ò ƒÆÖ½ ��Ö —º‘Ïè'
‡òº€°  ±€œÉì ƒ¥Ú«Ñ€×ÉÅ �‘ÒÚ«Ñ€×ÉÅ ƒÖÒ‘³ þº‘™�Å, ��íìÅ —º‘Ïè �êØ€î °Ï×þ°
þÆ‘�™�‘ª�(transductive perception) ‡òì —�‘è×þ°¿ —º‘Ϲ³Å. þµ‘™�‘³ þµ‘™�Å ƒ€é×þ
Šòé Ÿª¨«ÑÚ ƒé¹³ —œÖÒþׯ¦  ƒÏ¿º±ò �³ �‘Ò ƒ¥ …«ÑÚ�€ã™ ��íê¥þ×´ °‘ò æÉÅ
‡òº±ò, —ÀËÆ‘î þÆ‘�™ �‘ª��è ƒ´°ò€ÀÆî ‡òì —�‘è×þ° —º‘Ϲ³Å.

ƒ™�‘ª� ×€��æè ƒ¹° þÆ‘�™ �‘ª�þÆ œÀÆ ×‘â™€�Çò �¦¿º€¥Æ‘� �€À¹³è〰ɛ �‘¯�.
ƒ¹°  þÆ‘�µí �‘ª�€Æ �€î×ÏÅ ÀÒ›�€ã בª¦ ÀŽàź¦¢ —œË×°í�‘�þ× œÀÆ ×Þº‘¨�è
‡òé×‘ì œÀÆ  ב♀�ÉÅ ƒ›� Øã™�Ãì×€°™ �‘¯�.

4.3.3 �ñÀ‘îÅ �ÖÒ³ �Ï°Òã€×

—ÀËÆêØ€î ÀŽÝ´°Ï×þ° »ÌÀ‘«Å ‡òé €µÆ‘Ç� þº‘™Ží� …¥òºª¨¢ —œÖÕÅ �Ï«¹±Æ‘Ñ,
»Ì´±Æ™�´±í� �¨´°‘� �ñÀ‘î´€° »ÌÀ‘«À‘�™ —�‘èŽòé‘Ñ. ƒ¹° �ñÀ‘î´€°" �ñÀ‘îÅ
�Ø‘×Å þºŸìÅ ˆ³™—�‘¯¨ À€é—º‘Ïè —ºì×°‘�Å" ‡òì Ø㙎 ƒ°€î ½´°Å €µÆ‘Ç�Å
þº‘òþé  °ò—º‘Ϫ¨ �ñÀ‘îÅ »éÑ—º‘Ϫ¨ �ñÀ‘îÅ ‡òé×‘ì ƒÏ×€�Çî°‘�™ —�‘è×Ñ. ƒ°€î
Øã™�¿ ½�€�ÇÖ þÆ‘Ž�è, (�›šîÅ þµþÌ �êÆ¿º¨×°òê¢ œ‘±´³¿ —ºéí º‘Ò°‘Ë) À€é¹³ ¶òé
—º‘Ï€ã, —œ‘ÖÒ¿ —ºíé �°€î ت¨ ÿ›�‘³ Æ‘¯¨Å …¥î‘Ë ¶�àÅ ˆ³€×™ —�‘¯¨, �Üבì
¶ÏØ�íº …«Ñ€×´  °î™� Ãòî‘�™ —�‘¯¨ ‰Æ غΰ™ �íéÁòê …«Ñ×°‘ŽÆ ‚òÀ‘Øî³ £‘î
œ™±,  �ñÀ‘îÅ ‚�Å ‡òŽòé‘Ñ. ƒ›� ºÒ �Ý¿º›�è ƒÏ¿º€°™ �‘¯�. ‚ÇñÅ ƒ›� ¸–ÓÆ
�êØÆÓí� �¦¿º€¥Æ‘� Øã›�Å ƒÌª¨Ï �Ï´³ ‹ÌãÚ Øã›�×€°™ �‘¯�. �³—×òì
¶ÏØ�íº´³ Šòé‘Ë Šòì þ°‘òé �°ò ½éÚÏØò ×Þ �³ »ÍØòê �‘ª¨Å ½€°ÉÏØí�¢ —œÖ×þ°
�ñÀ‘îÅ ‡òº°‘� ‹Ñ �Ï´³ ƒ›� —°ä×íé ÀéÇÖ —×俺¨×€°™ �‘¯�. À€é—º‘Ïã‘�
ƒÏ™�Å Šò€é À€éÆÖÒ‘° Šòêò ×Þ …èã—°òì —�‘è×þ° �ñÀ‘îÅ ‡òº³ ƒ›� —°äב�
ƒÏ™� , ¸–ÓÆ �êØÆÖ �Ï´³™�è ƒòñÅ �Ü×ãÚ —°äב� ƒÖÒ‘±Ï¿º€°ÉÅ �‘¯�.
À€éÆ‘�×òê �€î×ÏÅ …¥òº¨Å×€�ÇÖ —×俺ª¨ ¶í�Å Šò€éþÆ ƒ›� ¶ÏØ�íºÅ ‡òŽé‘Ñ.
½´° €µÆ‘Æ�´±Ö ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ �Ï´³™�è ƒÖ€Ò. ƒ×í€é¿ ºíêÆ  Øã™�›�è ØÍבî ×€�ÇÖ
—ÀË�¯¥‘Ñ —°‘¥Ñº‘î  �¨´° ¸–ÓÖ  Øã™�¿º¨Å

 �ñÀ‘î´€° ƒòñÅ Øã™�¿ ½�€�ÇÖ ˆ³ ‡òº³Å º™�Å ‡òº³Å ÙŽÆ �€Ò¢—œ‘í�ã‘Žòéî.
€µÆ‘Ç�Å þº‘òþé ˆ³Ø€î ƒÆÖ½ �‘ÍÆÅ �¸ºÒ´± ‡òé Äòé‘�™ —�‘è×Ñ. ƒÆÖþº°‘׳
ƒÆí—œ‘í�è �‘ª¨Å —œ‘í—º‘Ïã«ÑÚ, �×íêò ×Þ —ºé¿º¨Å ºÖþ×ì ×€�Æ �Ï´°‘¿º´±
þº‘òé€×. �‘Ì«�‘ÍÆ …éØò ×Þ †Ž´³ —ºé ¶íºî �‘ÍÆþ׳: À€ÒÇÖ ½€�€Æ™ �‘« �›�
—µÏ¿½Å …¯¨ ‡î™ —�‘è׳ þº‘òì.  ƒï ‹Í¥´±Ö Šòì ƒÖÒ‘³ þº‘� �°î‘Ö †Ž´³ �êÆ ºÒ
×Ï×±ò ƒ›� �¸ºÒ´± ˆ³ �¹° ƒò€À ×Þ Øã›�Žòé³. º™�Å ‡òº³, º™�Å ‡òìÅ Ÿº™�Šغ™�Å
‡òìÅ Äòì ×€�¿º¨Å ‡òìÅ Øã™�¿º¨Žòé³. Ÿº™�Å �¹¸×ÆÅ ‡òìŠغ™�Å —×±þÌ�Å ‡òìÅ
˜é¿º¨Å.  —º‘³×‘� º™�Å ‡òé‘Ö †Ž´³¿ —ºì×°í� ˆíé—בòé‘�Å; ³¬ —º‘Ïäí� ƒ¥Å ‡òº‘Ñ
�Ï«¹±Æ‘Ñ. �±Ö  ½€�Æ‘Ö �îÖ …¯¨  ‡òì …¥òº‘ªþ¥‘¨ �¹°€î  —œÖÕÅþº‘³, �›�èã º™�Å
�¹¸×ÆÅ ‡òìÅ ¶�Ѻ™�Å  ‡îÚÅ  —�‘㿺¨Žòé³. ƒï À쿽«Ñþב¨ ×ÏÅ þº‘³, �‘ª¥‘�: —µÏ¿½
ƒÖ€Ò ‚�þ× ½€� ƒÏ™�æƑ³ ‡òì ˜ì׳ —×±þÌ�Å  ‡î¿º¨Žòé³; �¿º™�ÃÅ ¶�ÍÖ º™�Å
‡î¿º¨Žòé³. ƒ€×—ÆÖÒ‘Å ½±°ÖÒ, ½´° œÀ«  €µÆ‘Ç�´±ÕÅ �Ò þ×캑¨�þ㑨 ºÇÖŽòé€×
°‘Å. ƒï °ò—º‘Ϫ¨ �ñÀ‘îÅ ‡òº³ ŠÏ×ò ƒ¹° Äòì ×€� ˆ³™�è ×ÞÉÅ º™�›�è ×ÞÉÅ
»€ÝÆ‘³ �¹±´³ ‹Ñ …¯€À€Æ Àî›—�‘è×°‘�, »éÑ —º‘Ϫ¨ �ñÀ‘îÀ‘׳, °‘ò —°ä¹°
…¯€À€Æ »éÏÅ  �¯¨ —°äÆ —º‘Ϲ±Æ ˆ³™�€ãÉÅ ‡¨´³™�‘ª¨�€ãÉÅ °¹³ �êÆ™ �‘ª¥Ò‘�Å.
ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ �Ï´³™�è —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ ¸–Õ´±™ �Ï´³™�äÓϹ³ ×ãѹ°€× ‡òº€° Ãòþº
Ø㙎Éèþã‘Å. ƒ¹° »éÑ—º‘Ϫ¨ �ñÀ‘îþÀ �‘¯¦€� …€Ì×€�Çò þº‘™� ‡òìÅ
�¯¨èþã‘Å.

ƒ°€î Á� ØÍב� ½´°Ñ�€ã¢ œ‘ѹ³Å œÀ«Ñ�€ã¢ œ‘ѹ³Å �Ï«¹± Ø㙎¢ —œÖŽòé‘Ñ. ƒ¹°
�ñÀ‘î›�äÖ þº‘Ó�è ‡Üבì þ°‘òìŽòéî, ‡´°€î ×€� þº‘Ó�è ƒÏ™Žòéî, ˆò �€×
þº‘ÓÆ‘Žòéî ‡ò—éÖÒ‘Å ØÍב� ÄÒ´±ÕÅ �°í�´ þ°‘òêÆ �ì×Ñ …€ÌÇÕÅ …¯¨. ØÍפ�
ب™Žòþé‘Å.

§ÁÖõ �ñÀ‘î ×€��€ã Øã™�¿ ½�€�ÇÖ, �×í€é Ãòþº µ‘Å �¯¨èã×‘ì ¾Ñ×™ �‘ª� �ñÀ‘îÅ
�Ï°Ö �ñÀ‘îÅ, …€Ì �ñÀ‘îÅ ‡òìÅ ˜ìŽòé‘Ñ. µ‘íé´€°™ —�‘¯¨ ÀÒÍò ƒÏ¿»€î …«Ñ׳
¾Ñ×™�‘ª�; ŠÏ×ò Šòê€î¢ —œ‘ÖÒ �°ò ×Þ »ê—°‘òê€î †Ž´³ —ºì°Ö �Ï°Ö; ƒï ƒ×íêí�
þ×é‘� ¸°ÖØÞ¿ º‘Ñ€×Çò ×Þ œ‘°‘Ì« ÀéÇÖ �êב̑ —°‘¥Ñ½�€ã �êÆ ×Ï׳ ‚�À �ñÀ‘îÅ
‡òì œíì¿ ½³€ÀÆ‘� ˜ê¢ —œÖŽòé‘Ñ.ƒ¿»éØÇÖ ŠÏ×ñ™� þµÏÅ Šòì ¾Ñ× Ø€îÇò ºÆò
‡ò—éÖÒ‘Å �êÆ×Ï×€° ƒ¿º¦ºª¥ �ñÀ‘î´³è �¥™�×Ñ.
 

4.3.4 ‚�À »ÌÀ‘«Å.

ƒï ½´°Ñ�ã‘Ö ØÒ™�¿ºª¥³Å œÀ«Ñ €µÆ‘Ç�Ñ þº‘òþé‘Ì‘Ö ˆíì™—�‘èã¿ ºª¥³À‘ŽÆ ‚�À
»ÌÀ‘«´€°¿ ºíê �Ò Øã™�›�è. ƒ°€î Øã™�¿ ½�€�ÇÖ " �‘Ÿ �ìÅ …€Ì ƒÅÀ‘î´³ �¥›Ž¥‘¿
—º‘π㙠�‘ª¨Å" ‡òŽé‘Ñ. »Ì´±Æ™�´°‘ÕÅ �ñÀ‘î´°‘ÕÅ �êÆ×Ì Ã¦Æ‘°€° �êÆ´ °Ï×þ° …€Ì
�ÖÒ³ ŸÏ±, ‚¿° ב™ŽÆÅ, ‚�ÀÅ ‡ò—éÖÒ‘Å º�Ì¿º¨Å »ÌÀ‘«Å ‚�Å. ÀÒ›�€ã בª¦ ¸°ÖØÞ
µ‘ª¥´±ò þÆ‘�™ �‘ª�Çò …ªŽ¥™€��ã‘� ƒ¹° ‚�À »ÌÀ‘«´€°™ —�‘èãÒ‘Å. ƒ´°€�Æ
‚�À›�þã �‘Ò ƒ¥ …«ÑÚ�€ã ƒÝ™�¢ —œË³ �Üבé‘î ƒÝ¿½™�äò ×ÞþÆ �êÆ ×Ï×î×í€é
�êÆ´ °Ï׳ ‡òìÅ ˜éÒ‘Å.
ƒ¹° ‚�À »ÌÀ‘½´€° Øã™�Å þº‘þ° œÀÆ ×‘â™€�Çò �êØÆÖ Øã™�›�è µÀ™� Ž€¥Žòéî.
œÀÆ ×‘â™€� ‹Ñ �êØÆÖ ×‘â™€�Æ‘� Øã™�¿ºª¨èã �é¿€ºÉÅ ¸ªº´€°ÉÅ þ×ì ‡›�› �‘«‘
�ãØí� ƒ›� �‘¯Žþé‘Å.

‚�À »ÌÀ‘«´€° °¹±Ì �€Ò À¹±Ì �€Ò …ºþ°œ™ �€Ò ‡òé Äòì ×€� �Ò�æ™�è �¥™�Žòé‘Ñ
�Ï«¹±Æ‘Ñ.  ƒ°ò ×Þ œÀÆ ×‘â™€�€ÆþÆ ‹Ñ �êØÆÖ ³€éÆ‘�ÚÅ ‚™ŽØ¨Žòé‘Ñ.

‚�À›�è À‘陵 �íº€î�è �ÖÒ À‘é‘� "�µ‘±þÆ �ÀÒî‘Æ �ê×î‘ŽÆ ƒ€é×î³ ¸–í�þã"
‚�À›�è ‡î¿º¨Å.ƒ™�Ï´³Å "Ø€îÇò ÿ›Ž Øã›ŽÆ �êØò Àî×ò �¯¥³ Ã°Ö ¸–Ò‘�Å" ‡òé
—°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ™ �Ï´±ò ×ãÑ¢�þÆ Æ‘�Å. ƒ×íêÖ �×£‘î´±í� ˆ³×‘ŽÆ œÍÆ‘ŽÍÆ‘±�€ã
Øã™�×î °¹±Ì™ �€Ò ‡î¿º¨Žòé³." »ò ‚± À‘êÒ‘¿ þº«Ö °¹±ÌÅ" ‡òº±Ö ƒ™�Ï´³. À¹±Ì
�€ÒƑ׳  "À�è �¥™Ž —°Ë×Å ×Þº¨Å בˀÀÆ°‘�Å" ‡î¿º¨Žòé³. À¹±Ì›�€ã —œ»´°×‘ì
—°Ë× …º‘œ€îÇÖ „¨º¨×³ �×£‘î „ª¥´±íþ�íé ‹Ñ »ÌÀ‘«Å ‡òì —�‘è㿺¨×€°™ �‘¯�.
Äòé‘×°‘� ×ÏÅ …ºþ°œ™ �€ÒƑ׳ " °ò ‚± „ì ƒÒ‘°‘ò °ò€À …«Ñ´³°Ö" ‡òì Øã™�¿
º¨Žòé³. ƒ×í€éþÆ  �ÏÀ�‘¯¥Å …º‘œî‘ �‘¯¥Å £‘î�‘¯¥Å ‡òìÅ Øã™�×Ñ. °´³× Øœ‘Ì€«
—œË³ �×£‘î¹ —°ä°€Ò £‘î �‘¯¥´±Ö Á� …ÆÍÆ ‹Ñ �€ÒÆ‘� ×�¿ºª¨è〰 �ê¹³ µ‘Å
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