µ‘›�‘Å ¸–Ö

 �ã€× Øœ‘Ì€« (2)
 º¥ÒÅ ƒÌ¯¨:    ƒÆÓÆ ¸–ÓÆÅ

    �×£‘îþº‘°Å ‡ñÅ ‚ËØí�ÍÆ  ƒ¹¸–Ö ‹Ñ �êØÆí ºñ×ÕÅ, —œÅÀ‘ѹ° ב♀� °‘ò Æ‘—°òì Øã›�Å —ÀË£‘ñ×ÕÀ‘�Å. �ÞØÕ¯€À�è �ÖÒ³ »ÌÀ‘«›�èÆ‘—°òî �¯¥ê¹³ �°í�´°� Šà�þÒ �鿽 ‡òì ر™�Å º¯½€¥Æ³. ƒ°ïò ƒ¹¸–Ö ƒÌ¯¨ º�±�ã‘� ƒÆ›�Å. �€î×Ï™�Å —º‘Ϲ±Æ �‘Òþ°œ œÀÆ¿ º¯º‘ª¨ þ×캑¨�€ã ‡ÖÒ‘Å �¥¹³ Æ‘¯¨Å �ÞÆ‘³ ¶íŽòé …¯€À�€ã Øã™�Šðíº�± ‚Ì«ØÆÖ º�±Æ‘Çíì. ‚Ì«›�è ‡òºî ‡òìÅ �ÞÆ‘¿ þºÏ¯€À�ã‘Å. ƒï �¾Ñ«À‘� ¶íŽòé ‚òÀ‘™�è, ƒÜÚ¯€À�€ã �ê¹° ×€�Æ‘þî, ¶€éÀ±Éíé ¾Ì«À‘°Ö ‡Üב—éî ƒÌ¯¥‘Å º�± Øã™�°Óò �³ ¾Ì«ØÆÒ‘Çíì. Ãò —º‘³×±�‘ÌÅ ‡òìÅ »ò �鿺±�‘ÌÅ ‡òìÅ ˜ì×Ñ.
 

 �×£‘îþº‘°´³ ÀéÇÆÖ ˆÌ«ØÆÖ ‡òº³. �³þ× ƒ¿º¥Ò›—�‘¯¨  ƒ›� Øã™�¿º¨Å. ðґװ‘� ƒÆÓÆ ¸–ÓÆÅ �ÖÒ³ ¸–ÓÆ �êØÆÖ  ‡î¿º¨Å ÀéÇÆÖ ƒ›� Øã™�¿º¨Å. �×£‘îþº‘°´³ µ€¥€Æ Šª¦þÆ  ¡´±ÌÅ ‡òìÅ �°€î —À˶촰¿ ½�Å º¦—ÀË�è ‡òìÅ �×í€é …¯€À—Æî™ �‘ª¥
þÀíþ�‘è ˆ³ ‡¨´³™�‘ª¨�è ‡òìÅ ƒÆ›�Å. þº‘°´±í� ½éź‘� ƒ›� ‡¨´³™�‘ª¨�è —×¯º‘בÒòê …€Ì µ€¥Æ‘�þ× —œÖÕÅ.

‡Ü×€� ‚ËÚÅ °î™—�îþ×‘Ñ Ã€éÇÆ€Ò™—�‘¯þ¥ ƒÆ›�Žòé³. ÀéÇÆÖ ƒÖÒ‘°¿ ºñ×Ö —×ìÅ »°íé‘Ë, �°Ñ™�À‘Ë Ù«‘î �íº€î�ã‘Ë �ÝéÖ�ã‘Ë �êØÆí ºñ×—Òî ˜éב̑³ ØàÅ. ƒï ƒ¹¸–Óí� �¦¿º€¥Æ‘� ƒÏ™Žòé ÀéÇÆÖ, ‡ÖÒ‘Ñ ��´³Å ƒÏ™�—À‘ò—éïñÅ ƒ³×€Ì —°ä×íþé …«Ì¿ºª¦Ï¿º±ò, �°€î —°äÚ º¨´³×‘ò þׯ¦ ƒ¿º¥ÒÅ.

  ��´—°à ºÖþ×ì …«ÑÚ�è ‚±�´³™�ã‘� …±™Žòé—×òº°‘ÕÅ, ƒ×íêÖ �Ò —ÀË—Æî �€î×Ì‘ÕÅ …¥òº¨Å ×€�ÇÖ ƒÏ™�, �Ò —º‘ËÆî ØÒ™�°í�, �Ò ‰Æ¿º‘ª¨¥þîþÆ ¶€Ò¿º°í�Å �‘Ì«À‘� ¶í�, ƒÅÀéÇÆÖ, —ÀË—Æî ˆò �Ò …«ÑÚ�è, £‘îÚ±¿½™�è �€î×Ì‘ÕÅ ˆíì™—�‘è㿺ª¨ �´°‘¹°›�ã‘� À±™�¿º¨Žòé³ »é �×�´°‘›�ã‘� °è㿺¨Žòé³ ‡òº€° Øã™�Å. €µÆ‘Ç� ×Ý™�¿º¦ …´þ°œÀ‘� ƒÏ¿º€× ¶�ÀîÀ‘� ‚�׳Š‚�‘³Å þº‘×€°¿ ºíê ‚ËÚ ‡ïñÅ Š™�Å.
 

  ƒÅÀéÇÆÖ »é ÀéÇÆÓϹ³ þ×캨´°¿º¥ ˆÌ«ØÆÖ ‡òì º�Ì¿º¨Žòé³. ˆÌ«›�è ‡òºî �€î×Ì‘ÕÅ ¶Æ±»€ÝÆ‘³ �êÆ×ÏŽòé ‚à¯€À�è (axioms) ‡òº±ò, ƒ¹° …¯€À�€ãþÆ �¯¥êÉÅ ±é´³ ƒÅÀéÇÆÖ �°ïò ˆÌ«ØÆÖ ‡òº°‘íì. ƒòïòî �ã€×�äò �‘Ì«À‘� ƒÜØÜ £‘î×±¿½™�è …¯€À�ã‘�Å ‡òé×‘ì €µÆ‘Ç�Ñ ˜í쿺¦ —œ‘ÖÒ‘³, "»ÌÀ‘ �Ì«Å »ÌÀ‘«Å" ‡òº±ÖÒ‘³, ŠÑ Æ‘´±€Ì º¯»íé‘� —ÀËÆêבËÚ ‡¹—µêÇÖ ƒÆ›Žò …¯€À�€ãþÆ™ �¯¨ …×™�Å, —œ¹—µêÆ‘ŽÆ ±Ï—µê ƒÆ›�Å ‡òì Øã™�Óò, �ã€×ÇÆÖ ‡î¿º�Ì¿º¥‘³ ˆÌ«ØÆÖ ‡òì º�Ì¿º¨Žòé°‘Å.

¡´±ÌÅ 1

�êØÆí º¨×°€î´³Å ‚Æ×Ïè ¸–Ö
 —º‘π㠃̪¨ÏØí �‘ª¦ Æ�´þ°
 ƒÒ›Ž¨ ÀêÆ‘€À ƒÏ€ã¿ º‘ͨÅ
 ˆ°ÁÖ Õ´±�è ‡à¿»¨ ±é´—°î.

   ƒ¢¡´±ÌÅ ‡¹¸°Óíþé‘—×ïò, �êÚ�ã‘� …«ÑÚ�ã‘� ‚òÀ‘™�è �ñºØ¿º°í� �‘Ì«À‘� ¶í�Å �€î´³Å, ‹Ñ ¸–Ó€î¿ þº‘Ò ƒÏ¿º±ò, Šíì€À µÆ´±ò ¸–—Òîþ׿ º¨Å ‡òº³Å �°ïò —º‘ÏãêØ€î ºÆ¿»™�Å �³ ½éÚÏ ½€°ÉÏ ‡î×ÏÅ ƒÏ×€�ÉÏØÖ ºÆ¿»™�Å ‡òº³. þÀÕÅ ½éÚÏ —°äב� ƒÏ™�, ½€°ÉÏב� ¶íº³ �°ïò ½€°¶€Ò þº‘™Ž¨×€�ÇÖ ��´þ° ƒÏ¿º°‘� —°ÍÆ×ÏÅ �êÆ‘€À ƒÏ€ã þº‘™Ž¨ ׯ«Å °�¹° …´±�è —ºËÉÀ‘ìÅ �³ ³–¯¦ÉÅ ¶í�Å ‡òº€° …«Ñ´³°Ö ¸°Óíì ‡òº°‘Å. ƒ°ïò —ÀËÆêבËØò ÄÒÛ™�´±ò º¯½Å Øã™�¿ºª¥×‘ì. ¸–—Òî —×‘òì —×俺ª¨ �êØÒ‘Ž ��´³¢ —œê¹³ �êÆ‘€À ³òïÏ€ã …«ÏÀ‘ì¿ º¨´°, �°ïò ‡à×þ° …¯€À°‘ò Æ‘—°òì �êÆ¿½�Å £‘îþת€� ‡òº³.

ðґŠº¦—ÀË.
 

þÀíþ�‘è:  ‰Å½Òò�è ×ÞÆ‘�þב �ÖÒ³ �€×ÇòêþÆ‘, �‘¯¥Ö —ÀËÆ‘�‘Ø¦Ö �êØíº¨×°‘Ë …èã ‡ÜØ° …«ÑÚ�æÅ …±Æ‘ —×òé³.
 ˆ³:  …«ÑÚ�ª� ˆ³×‘ŽÆ —º‘Ϫ�æÅ, �ê°í� ˆ³×‘ŽÆ �Ì«›�æÅ ŠÏ›þ� ¶òéþº‘³Å …«ÑÚ …¯¥‘�‘³ þº‘°Óò, —º‘Ïæ«ÑÚ�è �€î´³Å �‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ¥ò ¶ÏØ�íº Ú«ÑÚ�ª þ�³×‘ŽÆ ÃàŸÏב�þ×´ ±�â°Óò.

‡.�‘.1.1.1.
    —º‘êÓÆ¿º‘Ñ€×, —º‘ê�ã‘ŽÆ ‰Å½Òò�è ×ÞÆ‘� ½é´þ° Ž¥™�Å ‹Ñ —º‘Ïä€î¿ ºíêÆ ØœÆ›�€ã �êÆ´ °Ï×°‘�Å. ƒ´°€�Æ º‘Ñ€×�è, ‰Å½Òò�æŠإƿ—º‘Ϫ�æÅ ƒ«›�×°‘Ö �€À×°ÖÒ —×òº³. إƿ—º‘Ϫ�è ٟŠإƛ�è °‘þî ‰Å½Òò�€ã¿ ºíêí—éïñÅ, �×íêò ¶Á´°À‘� "ƒŒ³¯¨" "ƒ³ ƒòî³" ‡òéבì ×ÏÅ —º‘Ïæ«ÑÚ�è בþã …±¿º±Ö€Ò, ½Òò�æÅ —º‘Ϫ�æÅ œÅº¹°¿ºª¦Ï¿»ñÅ, Šòì Šòé‘Ö º‘±™�¿º¨Å …éÚ ¶€ÒÇÖ Ž¥¿»ñÅ, —º‘Ïæ«ÑÚ …±Æ‘þ°¿ þº‘Žòé³. ½Òò�æ™�Å —º‘Ϫ�æ™�Á€¥þÆ Ø¥Æ ØÆ‘º‘Ì›�è  ¶�â¹±í—éïñÅ, �Üإƛ�äÖ �Ò×í€é À‘´±ÌÅ þ°Ñ¹³ ¶€îØÖ ƒÏ´± �¹±´³ —°ä¹°‘þÒ—Æ‘ÞÆ —º‘Ïæ«ÑÚ œï™�‘þ° þº‘Žòé³ ‡òº°‘Å. ƒ³þ×™ �‘¯¥Ö ‡òº°‘�, �‘¯¥Óòê �‘ª��è ‚�þ× —º‘Ïæ«ÑÚ�è ƒÖ€Ò—Æòé³.

‡.�‘.1.1.2.
 ƒÜבé‘î ¶€ÒÇÕÅ …ÒŽÆí �‘ÒÚ«ÑØòê ‡ÜØ° —º‘Ïæ«ÑÚÅ œï™�‘³ ‡òº³ÚÀ‘Å. ‰Å½Òò�äò ØàŠإƛ�è �€î´³ Ä؀¨×°‘�, þ°‘òê ¶òì �ÞÉÅ °ò€ÀÆíì ‚�Å . ‚�þ× À‘êþÆ ×ÏÅ ½Ò¿¾±�€ãþÆ´ °ÏÅ º¯»íì.  ‚ÇñÅ ‡›þ� ƒŒ—°î, ƒòî—°î ŠÑ —º‘Ïæ«ÑÚ œï™Žòéþ°‘ ‚›—�ÖÒ‘Å À‘ê×ÏÅ ½Ò¾±�ñ–þ¥ �ÞÆ‘³ ¶íº³ ‡òéבì þº°¿º¨´³Å º¯»î‘þÒþÆ ƒŒ—°î ƒí—éî —º‘Ïæ«ÑÚ œï¿º±ò, �‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ¥þîþÆ �‘ª��è ‡àŽŽòé—×òº³. ‚�þ× Ø¥ÆØÆ‘º‘ÌÅ À‘´±ÌÀòê, ½Òò —º‘Ïè ‡òº×íêò —×íì ƒ«™�›�æÁòê, —º‘Ïæ«ÑÚ�ª�™ �‘Ì«À‘� ƒÏ¿º³ �‘¯¥þÒ ‡òº³.

‡.�‘.1.1.3.
    ƒŒ³ ‰Å½Ò¸�Ñ¢�™� À‘´±ÌÀòê, ‰Å½Òò�æÅ —œÆÖº¥‘° ˆ€îÆ �×´€° ¶€Ò�äÕÅ ‡àÅ …«ÑÚ�ª�Å ƒ³þ× …¯€À ‡òº³. ‡Ü×€� �×´€°�ª�Å ÄÒÀ‘� ¶íŽòé إƛ�è þ°‘òê ¶òì �ÞÉÅ ƒÆÖ»íþé ‚�Óò, �Üבé‘î �ñ¾±�è †þ¥, �Ò×í€é¿ ºíê ‹¥‘×€� ¶ì´± —°‘�´³ ƒÏ´±î‘þÒ—Æ‘ÞÆ ƒŒ—°î —º‘Ïæ«ÑÚ ‡Ý‘³þº‘Å ‡òéבì. ‰Å½Òò�äò —°‘Þíº‘¨ Š¨›ŽÆ —œ‘¿ºî‘×´€°ÇÕÅ, �î—×î´ þ°‘òì׳ À‘ê™—�‘¯þ¥ ×ÏÅ ¾±�—ãî, ƒŒ—°î ƒ³—×î —°‘¥Ñ¹³  �¯¨™—�‘¯þ¥ ×¹³ "ƒ³þ× �³" ‡òéבì �€¥Æ‘ã› �¯¨ —�‘¯þ¥¢ —œÒ´°‘ò —º‘Ïæ«ÑÚ œï™Žòé³, ¶�â¢� ƒ´°ò€Àíì ‡îÚÅ �êÆ ×ÏŽòé³. ƒ´°€�Æ �‘î‘ ¶€ÒÇÕÅ ƒòñÅ ƒ°€î¿ þº‘òé »é �×´€°�è ¶€ÒÇÕÅ, Ãòþî‘™�°Ö »òþî‘™�°Ö ƒòþî‘™�°Ö ‡òéבì �‘¯¥Ö —œÒþ×°‘ò, —º‘Ïæ«ÑÚ �´±™Žòé³ ‡òº³.

‡.�‘.1.1.4.
  ƒÜבì Ãò »ò ƒò þµ‘™�°Ö …¯—¥î —º‘Ïæ«ÑÚ  œï¿º°í� ˆ³×‘ŽÆ™ �‘¯¥Ö ¸±¿»ò º‘íºª¥—°òº³. ¸±¿—ºòº³ ‡°€î™ �‘«þׯ¨—Àòº³ ŠÏבì ×€�—œË³Å, �´þ°‘¨ �³ ƒòñÅ —ÀËÆ‘�ØÖ€Ò, ‡±þÌ ‹Ñ œ‘´±ÆÀ‘� ƒÏ¿º³ ‡òìÅ …«Ñ´± ¶í�, �‘¯¥ÕÅ ˆÖ×€° ˆíì �ÖÒ‘°€°™ �Þ´³ —ÀËÆ‘Žòé³ ‡òéבì.  �«™�íé إƛ�è º‘Ñ€×™� ×¹°þº‘³Å �€î´³Å ºí鿺¨×±Ö€Ò. ‡°€î¿ ºíê ¶€îØÖ ƒÏ´³×³ ‡°€î ºí鑳ب׳ ‡òé إƴþ°ÑØ€î ¶ì´³×°‘� º‘Ñ€×Ç€î —œÕ´± ¶í�Å ¸±¿½™�è ‡òº³. ¸±¿½™�è ‡±Ñ þµ‘™�°Ö ƒÆÖº‘�þ× �°ïò Àê´³ »òþµ‘™�°ÕÅ, ƒÌ¯€¥ÉÅ Àê´³ ƒòþµ‘™�°ÕÀ‘� þµ‘™��è —œÆÖº¨Žòéî ‡òéבì. ƒÜ×‘ì ŠÑ ¸±¿½ ƒÏ™�þ×°‘ò, ‚�þ× �‘ª¥‘� Šòì ƒÏ™�þ×°‘ò �‘¯¥Ö —ÀËÆ‘Ž �°ò ×Þ £‘îþµÆ›�ã‘� —º‘ÏæÅ —º‘Ïäò þ°‘íé›�æÅ …«Ì¿º¨Žé³ ‡òéבì.
 

‡.�‘.1.1.5
  ƒï ƒÜ×‘ì œï™Žòé —º‘ÏãêÚ�è �€î´³Å ¸±¿»ò ×Þ ‡à×°‘Ö, �«™�íé إƛ�è ºÖþ×ì ½Òò�è ×Þ ×¹³íé—°ïñÅ, �×íêÖ þׯ¦Æ À‘´±ÌÅ »Í´—°¨´³ —°‘�´³ ƒ«™Ž …¥›Ž€Æ¹±¥ €×´³ ‹Ñ ÃàŸÏב�þ× ‡àŽòéî—×òº³. ÃàŸÏב׳ (a lestalt) ºÒ …쿽™�€ãÉ€¥Æ —°‘�± ‡òº—°‘¨ ‡ÖÒ‘ …Ï¿½Ø¥Æ›�€ãÉÅ ¶ÌÖº¥ —°‘�´³ �€À´³ ‹Ñ …Ï—î ±�݀׿º°‘�Å . ƒÜבì ÃàŸÏ™�ã‘�þ× �‘«¿º¨×î �êØÖ ¶í�, —ºÆͪ¨ ƒòî—°òì ˜éæƑ°þº‘³ ¶ÏØ�íº Ú«ÑØíé‘Ë, —ºÆͪ¨ ƒòî—°òì ˜é×ÏÅ —°äþב¨ ƒÏ™�Åþº‘³ œØ¿ºÚ«ÑØíé‘Ë ƒÏ™Žòé³ ‡òìÅ …«Ì×ÏŽòé³ ‡òº°‘Å. �×ÆØ™�ã‘� ÃàŸÏ™�è ƒÖ—Òïò ¶ÏØ�íº œØí¿ºÚ«ÑØíé‘Ë ±�Ý‘³þº‘Å ‡òéבì.

‡.�‘.1.1.6
    ƒ°ïò £‘îÀ‘ŽÆ —º‘Ïæ«ÑÚ, þµÆÀ‘ŽÆ —º‘Ïäò þ°‘íéÚ«Ñþ× ‡òé³. ƒ›� þ°‘íéÅ ‡òº³ ŠÏ —º‘Ïè °ò€îþÆ´ °‘ò ŠÑ ¡ÝÓÖ �‘ª¦™—�‘èæÅ º¯º‘�Å. �ÖÒ³ �³ ‡Üבì �‘ª¥¿º¨Žòé³ ‡òº°‘�Å. ¶ìØ�íº œØíº Ú«ÑÚ�ªþ�³×‘ŽÆ �€î´³Å ‹Ñ —º‘Ïäò ÃíéêÚ �ÖÒ—×òº±ò, �‘ª¥êþ× ‡òº±ò þ°‘íéþÀÆ‘Å ‡òé³ . ŠÑ —º‘Ïäò Ãíéêב׳ �°þ �µ¹¶ÆÀ‘Ë Šòê´³ ¶òì �³þ×´ °‘î‘Ž ¶òì »Í¿»òê �ê׳ ‡òº±ò, �‘¯¥Ò‘Ö œï™�¿º¨Å ‡ÜØ° —º‘Ïæ«ÑבŽÆ £‘îÃÅ �³—×ñÅ Ÿª¨¥þîþÆ ×Ï×±ò, þ°‘íéêþ×°‘ò ‡òº³. ÃíéêÚ ƒÖÒ‘³ þº‘°Óò ƒ´°€�Æ £‘î›�è �€î´³Å —º‘Ïäò Ãà×ê×ÖÒ, —ÀËÆ‘ŽñÅ �€é×êþ× ‡òé³. þ°‘íé×êÚ�è �¿—º‘Ïæ™� …¯¨ ‡òì …«Ñ´± �‘¯¥€Ò �꿽™�‘ÒÚ«Ñþבþ¥þÆ ÿ›�‘ÀéÇÖ ¶ì´³Å º¯»íì ‡òº°‘Å.

ƒÌ¯¥‘Å º¦—ÀË.
 

þÀíþ�‘è: ƒï ‡ÜבíêñÅ �‘¯¥í� ב̑þ×‘Ñ —º‘Ïè ƒÖ—º‘Ïã‘ŽÆ ¡òÆþÀ ‡òº³.
 ˆ³: ‡°í� þ°‘íéïþ¥‘, �³þ× …èã³ ‡òì ˜é×ÏÅ ‡òº±ò.

‡.�‘.1.2.1.
  ŠÏ×ò À‘ª¨ ¶òêÒ›�Å �×î³ —º‘ÏæÒ�, ƒ³×€Ì �×ò �¯¥×í€éÉÅ, �¯¨—�‘¯¦Ï¿º€°ÉÅ ƒï �‘«ØÏ¿º€°ÉÅ —�‘¯¦Ò›�׳. ƒÜ×‘ì ‡ÖÒ‘ À‘¹°Ñ�ã³ —º‘ÏæÒ��€ã �ê¹³ ‹Ñ Ãà—º‘ÏæÒŽ€î �¯¥êÉÅþº‘³, ‚›�Å ƒÜבì �‘ÒÚ«ÑØþ ×ÏÅ ƒ³×€Ì™ �¯¥³, ƒ¿—º‘à³ �¯¨™ —�‘¯¦Ï™�¿º¨×³, ƒï �‘«ØÏ¿ºþ° ‡òþéÆ‘�Å. ƒ›� ƒï �‘«ØÏ¿º³ ‡òº³ …èã°‘Ë ‚î‘Ö ƒ³×€Ì �¯¨«Ì¿ºª¨ ƒ´°€�Æ´ þ°‘íéÅ …€¥´³ ‡òì �êÆ¿º¥‘°‘Ë ƒÏ¿º°‘�Å. ‚ÇñÅ °™� ¡â¶€Ò�è ƒÏ™�, �€×ÉÅ �‘«×ÏÅ  ‡òºþ°. ƒ×íêí� À‘é‘� ƒ³×€Ì �‘«¿º¥‘°³Å, ƒ¿—º‘à³ �¯¨—�‘¯¦Ï™�¿º¨×±Ö ŠòéÖÒ‘³, ƒï ‡™�‘Ò´³Å ‡Ü×€�™ �‘¯¥í�Šב̑° ƒÏ¿º°‘� Æ‘³Å ƒÏ™� æƑ—°òº°‘Å. ƒ´°€�Æ¿ —º‘Ϫ�þã ¡òÆÅ ‡òé³, ƒÖÒ³ ‡òé³.

‡.�‘.1.2.2.
  ƒï "ƒÖÒ‘³ þ°‘ò鑳" ‡òñÅ œí�‘ÍÆב°Å ˆí½€¥´³ �ÖÒ, "‚�‘Æ´°‘À€Ì" "ÃÆí þ�‘¨" "ÀÒ¦ €À¹°ò" ‡òºî þº‘òé¿ —º‘Ϫ�è ƒÖ—º‘Ϫ�è ‡ïñÅ þ°‘íé›�è …¯¨, —œ‘íº¨´° ×ÏŽòé€ÀÇò ‡ïò, �íéòì ‡òé³. Æ‘³ ƒÜ×‘ì ƒÏ™Žòé �‘Ï�›�€ã ½³€ÀÆ‘�¿ ½«Ñ´± �í»°À‘� ŠÑ —œ‘ÖÒ‘�þב´ —°‘¥Ì‘�þב �€°Æ‘�þב º¨Žòéþ°‘, �Üבé‘î �êÚ�è ‡ÖÒ‘Å ¶ÏØ�íºÀ‘�¿ —ºé¿ºª¨ œØ�íºÀ‘�´ —°äÆ¿ºª¥³ �ÖÒ—×òº°‘Å. ‚�þ× ‹Ñ ¸±¿»ò ×Þ �‘ÒÚ«Ñþב¨ —ºé¿ºª¥€× �ò—éòº°‘Å. ‚�þ× ƒ›� þ°‘íéÅ ‡òº³ œí�‘ÍÆב°› ˜ìÅ þ°‘íéÀÖÒ —×òº³. þ×ì Æ‘þ°‘—×ïò —×íì™�í»°›�ã‘Ö …Ïב™�¿º¨Å —œÆí€�¿ —º‘Ïæ«ÑÚ�è ‡òé³. —œÆí€� ‡îþ× "…èã³" "ƒÖÒ³" ‡î ×ÏÅ —º‘Ï毀Àº‘í ºª¥€× �ÖÒ—×òº³.

‡.�‘.1.2.3.
  ƒï —º‘Ï—ãòìÅ �°ò þ°‘íé—ÀòìÅ þº°›�è ƒÖ€Ò, þ°‘íé›�þã¿ —º‘Ïè, �«›�«¹ þ°‘òêÆÞÚÅ �¬�›�ã‘� ŠÑ œ‘€Ìþº‘Ö Šòì þ°‘òê ¶òéÞ¹³ —œÖ×þ° —º‘Ïè ‡î¿º¨×³, ƒ´°€�Æ �¬�›�äÖ Š¦Æ‘³ —°‘¥ÏÅ ‹ª¥´±ò �‘Ì«À‘� ‡àŽòé �êÚ —º‘ÏãêÚ, �¬�›�äò  þ×ì Æ‘—°‘òìÁÖ€Ò ‡ïò, �³ÚÅ —º‘Ϲ°‘°™ ˜íì ‡òº°‘Å. ‡Üבþé‘—×ïò, �‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ ‡òº³ Ÿª¨™�‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ ‡òìÅ �꿽™�‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ ‡òìÅ ƒÏ×€�¿º¨Å. ƒ×íêÖ �꿽™�‘ÒÚ«Ñþ× Ã°ò€ÀÆ‘î³, ÄÒÀ‘î³. Ÿª¨™�‘ÒÅ ƒÖÒ‘³þº‘�, �꿽�‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ Ø¥‘³ —°‘¥Ñ°Óò ƒÜ×‘ì ‡òº³. —º‘Ïè�è �€î´³Å þ°‘íéþÀ, �¬�›�äò þ�‘Ñ€×þÆ ‡ïò, Ÿª¨™�‘ÒÚ«ÑØ€î �«›�ã‘™Ž™�‘« æÉÅ ‡òéþº‘±ÕÅ, �꿽�‘ÒÚ«ÑØ€î Øã™�æƑ³ þº‘Å ‡òéבì. �‘¯º‘ò ,—º‘ÏãêØò °òïò ‹Ñ ‡±Ñ¶€Ò€ÆþÆ þµ‘™Ž ¶íº±ò ƒ™�꿽™ �‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ ‡òº±ñÅ, �°î‘þÒþÆ »òþµ‘™�Ö, ƒò þµ‘™�Ö ‡òéבì þµ‘™�ÕÅ �°ïò �‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ ±Í�‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ�ã‘Ë œï´°ÕÅ ‡òº°‘Å. �€î´³Å �¬�›�—ãî, �¬�›�äò þ�‘Ñ€×—Æî,, Ä؀ª¨ þ°‘òê ¶òéÞ×þ°—ÆÖÒ‘Å �ÞÆ‘³ �¯¨™—�‘¯¦Ï™�Å Šòì �꿽™ �‘ÒÚ«Ñþב¨ ¶íº€° ƒ³ Øã™�‘°Óò, ƒ™˜íìÅ œí�‘ÍÆב°´±í� ƒà™ŽÖ€Ò ‡òé³.

‡.�‘.1.2.4.
  ƒï —º‘Ïæ«ÑØò þ°‘íé›�è �€î´³Å �Çí€é �Ì—×î™ �‘¯º³þº‘òì, �¿»€Æ —×èä—Æî™ �‘¯º³ þº‘òìÅ ‚þÌ‘»°›�þã,  —º‘ÏãêÚ �òì ‡ïò, �³ÚþÀ‘Ñ —º‘Ϲ°‘° ˜í—éòº³. ƒŒ³ �í�Ò �œ‘°‘Ì« ¡â¶€Ò�äÖ ˆíº¨Å غΰ �‘ª� Æñº×›�€ã, �‘¯¥Ö �€î´±í�Å —º‘Ϲ³×°‘�™ ˜ì×±ò »€ÝÆ‘î À쿺‘�Å. �í�Ò ��¢¡ÝÖ ½é¢¡ÝÖ �‘Ì«À‘�, �Çì �Ì×—Àî´ þ°‘òì׳ þº‘òì Æ‘›� þ°‘íéÚ«ÑÚ …¯þ¥‘, ‚›� ¶ÏØ�íºÀ‘Ë �êÆ¿ºª¥³ �¹±´³´ —°ä¹³ œØ�íºÀ‘Ë �êÆ¿º¨Å þ°‘íé×êÚ �ò—éòº³. ‚þÌ‘»°›�è þº‘òé€× ³–¯¦Æ‘� ŠÑ —º‘π㙠—�‘¯¨, غΰÀ‘� °òñè ‹Ñ �‘ª� ‡Ý, �°ïò �¿—º‘Ï€ã �³—×î™ �¯¨ ÀŽâ׳Š�¤Ÿ×³À‘�Å. ƒ›�  ¶ÏØ�íºÅ œØ�íºÅ ‡òéבì ×ÏÅ À̽ ×Þºª¥ þ°‘íéêÚ ƒÖ€Ò—Æòº±ò, ƒ´°€�Æ ‚þÌ‘»°›�è œí�‘ÍÆב°› ˜ìÅ þ°‘íéêÚ �ÖÒ ‡òº³. ƒ´°€�Æ ‚þÌ‘»°›�è Á´±Æ‘ �‘ª��ã‘Å ¶ÏØ�íº œØ�íº þ°‘íéêÚ œï™� ƒ€× þºËþ°Ñþº‘Ö ƒÖÒ‘³ þº‘Ë Ø¥Óò.

‡.�‘.1.2.5.
    ƒï …èã°‘ŽÆ �€î´³Å �êØÖ Æ‘°‘×þ°‘Ñ �‘¯¥Ö ×Þ  þ°‘íéêÚ  œï»™�Åþº‘³, �³ �‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ¥þîþÆ ×Ï—Àòé³. …èã³ ‡òº³ �‘ÒÚ«ÑØÖ º¨×°‘Å, ƒÖÒ‘³ Æ‘¯¨Å º¥‘°°‘Å. …èã³ ±±º¥, þ°‘òê ¶òì �Þ×°‘Ë ±�Ý, ƒÖÒ³ ƒÜ×‘ì ‚�‘—°òé³. Æ‘³ ±±º¥‘³ þº‘Žòéþ°‘, �€× …èã³þº‘Ò´ þ°‘òêñÅ —×íì™ �í»°›�ã‘ŽÆ¿ —º‘Ë�þãÆ‘Å ‡òº³. þÀÕÅ ƒ°ïò �‘ÒÚ«ÑØòê Æ‘³ �êÆ¿º¨Žòéþ°‘ �³ ƒÜ×‘ì Ÿª¨«ÑØò ×Þ …«Ñ´°¿º¨Žòé³,  "…èã³" "ƒÖÒ³" ‡òé ƒÒ™�«›�ª� �íº‘íºª¥—°òº³. �‘ÒÚ«Ñþ×™ �Ýòì �êŽòéþº‘³ �¹¶Æº‘×€îþÆ‘¨×ÏÅ Ÿª¨«ÑÚ �ÝòìØ๰ ¶€Ò—Æòº±ò, ‚›� "…èã³" "ƒÖÒ³" ‡òé×‘ì —œ‘ÖÒ‘¨Å ¶€ÒÉÅ ƒÖ€Ò ‡òº±ò, ‚›� ƒ™þ�èØþÆ ‡Ý‘—°òº³.

‡.�‘.1.2.6.
   ƒï ƒÖÒ³ þ°‘ò鑳 ‡òº±ò, þ°‘òìÅ …ª—º‘Ïè�è �€î´±í�Å ³–Òצ—×òìÅ ¡™�Àצ—×òìÅ ƒÏ צכ�è …¯—¥òº³. ƒ×í€é ½éÚÏ  ½€°ÉÏ—×ïñÅ �€ÀÉÅ. —×俺ª¨ º‘Ñ€×™� ƒÒ™�‘Ž þ°‘òê ¶í�Šצ×Å ³–Òצ×À‘�, þ°‘ò鑳 ‚î‘Ö ��´þ° ƒÏ¿º°‘Ë …èã³ ¡™�Àצ×Å ‡òº°‘Çíì. ÀÇÓò ꀥ, ÀÌ´±ò Ø´³ ‡òºî —×俺ª¨ ¶í�Å ³–Òצכ�—ãî, �°€î Ùâ´± þ�‘ÒÀÇÒ‘�, ‚ÒØϪœÀ‘� ƒòñÅ —×俺¥‘×€�ÇÖ �ÅꀥÇÕÅ Ø´±ÕÅ ½€°¹³ ¶íŽòé צכ�þã ¡™�Àצכ�è ‡òé³. ƒ°ïò ¡™�ÀÀ‘Ž ¶íº³ ³–ÒÀ‘Ž ØÏ´±Æ€¥×þ°, �‘¯¥Ö ×Þ ‡Ý™˜¦Æ þ°‘íé×êØí�Å —º‘Ïæ«ÑØí�Å ÄÒÀ‘ŽÆ …Ò� ¶�â¢�Æ‘�Å. ¡™�ÀÀ‘� ¶íº³ ³–ÒÀ‘Ž �‘¯¥í� ב̑—°ïò, …èã³ ‡ïñÅ …èã³ ‡î …«Ì ב̑¿þº‘Å ‡òéבì.

Äòé‘Å º¦—ÀË
 

þÀíþ�‘è: ƒï ¡™�ÀÀ‘� À€é—º‘Ïã‘Ë ƒÏ¿º—°‘òì ³–ÒÀ‘Ž þ°‘òê ¶í�, �°ïò þ°‘íéêØ€î´ °ÏÅ �‘¯¥Ö�è �€î´³Å �íéÖ Ø€î�è ‡òº³.
ˆ³: ‡›þ� ƒÜבé‘î �‘¯¥Ö�þã‘, ‚›� �°ïò �êÆ‘€À ÿ™�Å —ÀËÆ‘�°Óò.

‡.�‘.1.3.1.
  ƒï ƒÖÒ³ þ°‘ò鑳 ‡òº±ñÅ, …èãþ° þ°‘òê …èã—°î …«Ì×ÏÅ ‡òº±ò, Æ‘³ ƒ³×€Ì …¯—¥î �êÆ¿º¥‘³, �‘¯¥±ò …¯—¥î �êÆ¿º¨Žòéþ°‘, �³—º‘à³ �³ …èã€À …«Ì¿º¥‘±Ï¹³ …«Ì¿º¨°Óò, ‚›� �°ò —ÀË€À€Æ¿ ºíêÆ �êÆ‘€À ÿ™�Å …¯—¥òº³. ¡™�ÀÀ‘� ¶òé—°‘òì ³–ÒÀ‘™Ž —×俺ª¨ ¶í»ïò, �°€î™ �‘¯¥Ö —ÀËÆ‘�‘×€Ì �Œ³ …î—°òþé‘ ƒÒ—°òþé‘ ˜éב̑€ÀÇò, �°€î¿ ºíêÆ ƒ¹¶€Ò �êÆ‘€À ƒÏè¶€Ò ‡òé³. �‘¯¥Óò ƒÜ×êÆ‘€À ƒÏè¶€Ò ��í鿺ª¨ …¯—¥î …«ÑÚ …±´³ ƒÜØÏè þº‘™Ž �êØ€î¢ Ÿ¥Ì€×¿º³ ³¬Ú °ÌÓò, ƒŒ³ �íéÖ Ø€î ‡òº°‘Å. Æ‘›� �êÆ‘€À ÿ™�þÀ‘ ‚›� �íéÖ ‡òº±ò ƒÜבì.

‡.�‘.1.3.2.
  ƒï ƒÜבì þ°‘íêØ€î „ª¦ …¯—¥î …«Ì´°ÏÅ �‘¯¥Ö�è ƒÖ€Ò, �³þ× �êÆ‘€À ÿ™�´±ò �íéÖ ƒÖ€Ò, ž×œ‘ª�ÆþÀ …¯¨, þ°‘íé›�è �€î´³Å ‚þÌ‘»°›�ã‘ŽÆ �í»°›�þã ‡òïò, ƒŒþ°‘Ñ ÀÆ™�´±ò ×¹° —º‘Ëþ×°‘¹°¿ þº‘™� ‡òº°‘Å. �‘¯¥Ö�è �€î´³Å ‹Ñ ¸±¿»€î¿ ºíê ‡à×±ò, "�³—×î" ¸±¿º‘Ë ¶íº³ ƒòñÅ —ÀËÆ‘�‘´ °òïþî‘Ñ ‡±Ñ¶€Ò—Æî, ‚›� ƒ™�‘¯¥í� ÄÒÀ‘� ¶íº³ �꿽�‘ÒÚ«Ñþב¨ ×ÏÅ ƒÏ¿½ ¶€Ò ‡òé³. ƒÜØÏ¿½¶€ÒÇÖ Ãòþµ‘™�Ö, »òþµ‘™�Ö, ƒòþµ‘™�Ö …¯—¥òº±ò, �¹¸±¿½ þ°‘òì×°í�Å �°€î¿ ºíê™—�‘¯¨ �‘¯¥Ö —œËÆ Ã€î×°í�Å ÄÒÀ‘Ë  ƒÏ¿º³, ��´³ —œê¹±Ï™�Å �êÆ‘€ÀþÆ ‡òé³. ¸±´³ ¶í�Å ‡±Ñ¶€Ò °òïò ƒò€éÆ �êÆ‘€À ¶€ÒÇ€î¿ þº‘™ŽÆ �ê¹°þ×‘Ñ ƒÏ¿½¶€Ò ‡òº±ò, ƒ¹° ƒÏ¿½¶€Ò ½€¥¿—ºÆÑ¢�™�™ �‘Ì«À‘� �‘¯¥þÒ �€ÀÆ, �Œ³ �íéÖ Ø€îþÆ ‡òº³.

‡.�‘.1.3.3.
   ƒï ž×œ‘ª�ÆÅ ‡òº³ —º‘ËþÆ‘—×î, �Œþ°‘Ñ ÀÆ™Žò ‡àÅ ºà°‘î �Ï´³ ‡òº°‘Å. �‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ �‘«×ÏÅ —º‘Ϫ�äò œÒî›�äò ‡à Ÿª¨™�‘Ò—ÀòìÅ, �°í� ÄÒÀ‘� ¸±¿»ò ‡±Ñ ƒÏ¿½¶€Ò�€ã¿ ºíê ƒÏ¿º±ò ‡àÅ �꿽�‘ÒÅ ‡òñÅ ƒÏ×€�¿º¨Å. ƒ×íêÖ þ°‘íéêØ€î´ °ÏÅ �‘¯¥Ö�ª� ÄÒÀ‘� ƒÏ¿º³ �꿽�‘ÒÚ«Ñ—×î, �°€î Àé¹° ¶€ÒÇÖ —º‘êÓÆ¿º‘Ñ€×ÇþÒþÆ �ª¨¯¨ ‰Å½Òإƛ�äÖ ˆíº¨Å œÒî›�€ã™ —�‘¯þ¥ ‹Ñ €ÀÆ¿½èä€Æ´ þ°Ñ¹³ ÃòñÅ »òñ—Àî �‘Ò´€° �«™Žª¨ ³ÖÓÆÀ‘� �ã¹°êÉÅ þº‘—°à×þ° Ÿª¨™�‘ÒÅ ‡òº³. ƒ¢Ÿª¨™�‘ÒÚ«ÑØþÒþÆ ÀÆ›Ž ¶í�, �‘«¿º¨×°€î´³Å ƒÒª�Æ‘Ñ´°›�ã‘�, þ°‘íéêÚ�è �€î´³Å ƒÒ™�«‘Ñ´°›�ã‘�´ ±ÍÉÅ, �Üבì �‘¯º‘ïí�´ —°òº¨Å ‡òº³. —º‘êÓÆ¿º‘Ñ€×ÇÖ º¨Å �€î´³Å �êØÖ œ¥¿ —º‘Ϫ�ã‘�þ× þ°‘òì—Àòº±ò, ƒÜבé‘î —º‘Ïæ«ÑÚ�€ã �€× °‘þÀ °‘Ì‘—×òº±ò, �‘¯º‘ò ž×œ‘ª�Æî‘Ž, �‘«¿º¨×°€î´³Å °î³ �í»°›�þã ‡òéבì �´³×‘°þ×°‘¹°Å º�Ì¢ —œËŽòé³ ‡òº°‘Å. Ÿª¦€ÀþÆ‘¨ ×Ï׳ ž×œ‘ª�Æ—Àî, �³þº‘™Ž ×Ï׳ „ŸÌœ‘ª�Æ—Àî, ž×œ‘ª�Æ´€° „Ÿ×Ìœ‘ª�ÆÀ‘™�°þÒ þׯ¨×³ ‡òé ž× »ÌÀ ‰™ŽÆÃÅ º�Ì¿º¨Å ‡òº°‘Å. �꿽™�‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ …¯—¥òéêÆ, ƒ¿»€Ý þ×°‘¹°¿ þº‘™� °‘þî ��ÕÅ, Øà—Àòéבì.

‡.�‘.1.3.4.
  ƒï ƒÜבé‘î �‘¯¥Ö�äò, …¯—¥ñÅ À‘´±€ÌÆ‘Ë ƒÏ¿º°‘� Æ‘³ �êÆ¿º¨Žòéþ°‘, �³þ× ¶ìØ�íºÚ«ÑØò —º‘Ïè ‡òº³. ‚± �´³ ‡ïñÅ Š™�Å. ƒÜ×‘ì ‹Ñ —º‘Ï€ã™�¯¥ À‘´±€ÌÆ‘ò �°€î¿ ºíêÆ —°èãêÚ ƒòñÁÖ€Ò, �³ Æ‘°‘�¿º‘íì ‡òñÅ �êÚ ƒòñÅ ƒÖ€Ò ‡òé …«ÑÚÅ …¥ò ×Ì, �°€î —°í—éî �ê¹° °òïþî‘Ñ ‡±Ñ¶€Ò °‘î‘�þׯ¨Å ‡òé Ã€î¿»Ö —°‘Þíº¥, �°ïò ‡à×þ° �¿—º‘Ïäò œØ�íºÚ«ÑבŽÆ —°èãêÚ ‡òº³. ƒ´—°èãêÚ´ þ°‘òé, �³ °‘î‘�þׯ¨Å ‡òñÅ �꿽�‘ÒÚ«Ñþב¨ ×ÏÅ �ÅÀŠƒÖÒ‘³þº‘�, ƒ™�꿽�‘ÒÚ«ÑÚÅ ƒÖÒ‘³þº‘Å ‡òéבì.  ƒ´°€�Æ œØ�íº …«ÑØò ƒÖÒ‘³þº‘Å �꿽™�‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ, �¯¦° �꿽™�‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ ‡òº³.

‡.�‘.1.3.5.
   ƒï ƒÜ×‘ì ¶ÏØ�íºÚ«ÑØò —º‘Ϫþ°‘íé×êÚ �¿—º‘Ïäò œØ�íºÚ«ÑØî‘Ö þº‘™�™˜¦Æ �꿽™�‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ �¯¦° �꿽�‘ÒÚ«Ñ—×î, ƒ´°€�Æ �‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ�è ÀÒÑ×°í� ƒ¥¹°¹³ °‘ò ÿ›�‘³ ¶íº³ ��¯¦°™ �꿽�‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ ‡òº°‘Å. ƒ³ ‡Üבþé‘—×ïò, œØ�íº—º‘ÏãêØò þº‘™�¿ºª¥ �꿽™�‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ, �°ïò ƒò—î‘Ï ¡™�ÀÅ °€Ò¿º¥, ¯¨Å �³ þ°‘òéÓò, þÀÕÅ ŠÑ —º‘Ïäò œØ�íºÚ«ÑÚ ¶€éÚ °Ì, »ê—°‘òì ¶ÏØ�íºÀ‘� þ°‘òéÚ›˜¨Å ‡òº±ò, ƒÜבì ¯¨Å ¯¨Å ƒ´°€�Æ Ã€î¿½¶€Ò�è ‡à×°í�™ �‘Ì«À‘Ë, ¶€Ò�ãî‘Ë ƒ€× þ°‘òê ¶òì ÿ›�, �³ ÿ›�‘°‘Ë ƒÏ™Žòéþ×‘Ñ ‚± ƒÏ¿½¶€ÒþÆ ƒÜ ��¯¦° �꿽™�‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ ‡òé³. Æ‘—°‘Ï Ÿª¨¿—º‘Ïäò �¯¦™�¿º¥‘±Ï¿º±ò, ƒ³ ��¯¦°Å ‡òé³.

‡.�‘.1.3.6.
  ƒ°ïò ºÖþ×ì ƒÏ¿½ ¶€Ò�€ãÉÅ �íéÖ ×€��€ãÉÅ —ºìŽòþé‘Å ‡òº³. �¯¦°�꿽�‘ÒÚ«ÑØí� �‘Ì«À‘� ƒÏ¿º³, ‡à¶Òî‘� ¶íº³ �¯¥° ƒÏ¿½¶€Ò ‡î, Àí€éƳ ��¯¦° ƒÏ¿½ ¶€ÒÆ‘�Å. »òî±€î ‚°‘ÌÀ‘�™ —�‘¯—¥à×îþ× Ø¥‘³ ×¹³—�‘¯þ¥ ƒÏ™�´°™� �¯¦° ƒÏ¿½¶€Ò�ã‘�Å. ƒï �¯¦° ƒÏ¿½¶€ÒÇþÒþÆ �êÆ ×Ϻ€× —º‘Ϫ�ÖØ ‡î, �°ïòì —ºÆѹ³ ��¯¦° ¶€Ò�€ã �êÆ´°Ï׳ °í�ÖØ ‡òé³. þÀÕÅ ƒÜ×�¯¦° ƒÏ¿½ ¶€Ò�þ㠇ݑ°‘™Ž, �°ïò ��¯¦° �꿽�‘ÒÚ«Ñþ×, ‚�þ× �‘ÒÚ«Ñþ× �ÝòìØ¥¢ —œË׳ ƒ€é™�ÖØ ‡òº³. º‘œ£‘îÅ, ºŸ£‘îÅ, º±£‘îÅ ‡ïñÅ Š™�Å. ‰Å½Ò¸�Ñ¢�™� ×ÏÅ �‘¯¥Ö�è ×ÞÆ‘�þ× —º‘Ϫ�ÖØ�è ¶�Ý, �Œ³ ��´³¿ —º‘Ϫ�ÖØ ‡òé³. �¯¦° ÇÏ¿½¶€ÒÇïòì ��ò¦° ƒÏ¿½¶€Ò€Æ �ê׳ —º‘êÓÆ¿º‘Ñ€×™� þ×é°‘ŽÆ £‘î±Ïª¦Çò —ÀËÆ‘�×—°òº±ò, Àê´³ þº‘™Ž �‘¯º‘€îþÆ �êÆ´°Ï׳ ‡òº±ò �³ �´³¿—º‘Ϫ�ÖØ ‡òé³. ƒï ƒ´°€�Æ �´³¿—º‘Ϫ�ÖØ …«Ì, �°ïò ÄÒ´±íþ� —ºÆÌ´°‘ò �‘ÒÚ«ÑØ€îþÆ �ÝíìÅ �ÖØ µ€¥—ºéÓò, �³ œ´³¿—º‘Ϫ�ÖØ ‡òº³À‘Å.
 

 µ‘›�‘Å º¦—ÀË.

þÀíþ�‘è: ƒï ‡ÖÒ‘™ �íéÖ�æÅ ƒÅô±é´°—×î, �€× —ÀËÆ‘�°í� ˆ³×‘�  ¶íºî׀Šב�´³¿ ºÇÒ¿ º¨Å ¸–í�€ã¿ þº‘íêÇÏ¿º±ò, ƒÜ—בíì€ÀÇò �‘Ì«À‘� ¸–Ö ‡î¿º¨Å ‡òé³.
 ˆ³: —œÆí€�Çò ¸–í�€ã¿þº‘òì ƒÆí€�Çò ƒ¹¸–í�æÅ �꿽�‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ�€ã´ þ°íê, �°€î ÿ™�þׯ¨—ÀñŠÀ€îÉÅ þ°íê, …´±�è ºÒ —ºË³ �°€î ÿ™�ÚÅ º¨´°Óò.

‡.�‘.1.4.1.
  —œÆí€�Çò ‚™�¿ºª¨ ¸–—Òî´ ±�àÅ �€î´³Å �±�‘ÌÀé€À ‡òìÅ —°‘�± º�± ‡òñÅ ƒÌ¯¨×€� €×¿½Ã€é€Æ™ —�‘¯¦Ò›�Å ‡òº³. ƒ×íêÖ �±�‘ÌÀé€À ˜é×¹° ‚ÝÀ‘î …¯€À€Æ ðí�¯ ŠÑ ¸±¿º‘�, —º‘³¿º¥þ× ƒòî³ ‡òì �êÆ´°ÏÅ ¸°Ó¿½�×°‘�´ —°‘¥›Ž »é� �ê³ �ê³ �¹¸±¿»€îþÆ ºíê™—�‘¯¨ ت¥�Ò‘³, ƒòñÅ ƒòñÅ —°äב™�בò þׯ¦ º¦—ÀË�ã‘� �¨´°¨´³ ‹ÑÀé€ÀÇò ¶ÌÖº¦ ØÍ´³¢ —œòì, �°ò ¸±¿€º —°èä°‘™�°í� �€ÀÉÅ €×¿º‘�Å. ƒï ƒÜבì �ê³ �ê°‘� º¦¿º¦Æ‘� …«Ñ´°¿º¨×í€é¿ º�±�ã‘� …쿽™�ã‘�™ —�‘¯¨ ±Ìª¦ ‹Ñ ÃàŸÏב� œ€À¿ºþ° ŠÑ —°‘�±Æ‘™�×þ° —°‘�±-º�± €×¿º‘�Å. ƒ×íêÖ ¸–Óò �±�‘Ì Ã€é€Æ �íþº‘ò À‘ª¨ �꿽�‘ÒÚ«ÑØ€î …±¿»™�Å ƒÏ¿½¶€Ò€Æ þ°íé, —°‘�±-º�± €×¿þº‘, �‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ ‡Ý‘°‘™Ž Ÿ´°œ‘ª�´³×´€° …ã°‘™�Å ‡òéבì. £‘î›�è …±¿½™�è ƒÜבì.

‡.�‘.1.4.2.
   ƒÜ×‘ì —œ‘í�äî‘Ö ƒÆòéþ×‘Ñ ¸–Ö, �íþº‘€î —œË±´³×Å œ‘ª�´³×Å ‡òé×‘ì …´±¶€Ò º¨´°íþº‘òþé �‘¯¥í�‘�Å �€î´³Å º¨´°Óò, �€×ÉÅ ƒÜ—בíì€À µÆ› �ϱ ¸–í�è ‡î¿º¨Å. ƒÆÖº‘�þ× ‡à°Óò, ƒÆÓƸ–í�è �ÖÒ³ ×Ý™ŽÆ ¸–í�è ‡òìÅ —œËÆ¿º¨×±ò —œËɶ€ÒƸ–í�—ãî, ‡ÖÒ‘ ¸–í�æÅ ƒÜØÏ×€�Çí º¨´°¿º¨Å ‡òº³. ƒ›� …´±�ã‘×î, �êÚ«ÑÚ�€ã …±™�´°ÏÅ —œË±´³×ÃÅ �×í€é—Æ‘ª¦ ‡à œ‘ª�´³×ÃÅ ‚�Å. ƒ×íêÖ —œË±´³×Å Æ‘—°ïò ¸°ÓƳ �ê°Ö, �°ò×Þ �ê¹°³ �‘´°Ö, �ê¹°³ —�‘¯¨ �êÆ‘°€° †Ž´°Ö, Ãò»ò þµ‘™�Ö, Š¿»ª¨¿ º‘Ñ´°Ö, …¥òº¥Ö, Àì´°Ö, ‡±Ñ´°Ö ‡òéבì �꿽�‘ÒÚ«ÑØò ‡à —œË±�ã‘�Å. ƒï œ‘ª�´°×À‘׳, ƒÜ×‘ì ºíºÒ —œË±�è —œË³ »é� ت¨ ÿ›Ž Š¨›Ž ¶í�, �°ò×Þ ��´þ° °‘þî ‡àÅ £‘îÚ±¿½™�è �êÆ‘€À ƒÏ€ã¿ º‘Ï°í� °‘ò �‘Ì«À‘� ¶íº°‘�Å. —œË±´°×Š؀îðґ™Ž¥, œ‘ª�´³×Å �°ïòì �Ýòꥢ —œËŽòé³  ‡òº°‘Å. ƒÜ×‘ì —œË±´³×ÃÅ œ‘ª�´³×ÃÅ �¨´°¨´³ ºÖþ×ì ×€�ÇÖ »òï¿»òï ב̑³ þº‘�, £‘îÚ±¿½™�€ã´ °ÏÅ …´±�è ‡Ý‘³þº‘Å ‡òº°‘Å.  —œË±´³×Å ƒÏ¿½ ¶€Ò ½€¥¿—ºÆÑ¢��€ã „ª¦´°‘, œ‘ª�´³×Å �êÆ‘€À ÿ™�´±ò £‘îÚ±¿½™�è ‡àÅ ƒÏ¿½ ¶€Ò�€ã �€¥Æ´°ÏŽòé³ ‡òº°‘Å.

‡.�‘.1.4.3.
    ƒï —œ‘í�äî‘ÓÆòé —œËÉè ¸–í�æ™� ½éÚÏ ½€°ÉÏ ‡òêÏ …Ï™�è , ƒÏ¿º³þº‘òì, ƒÆÓÆ ¸–í�æ™�Å …¯—¥òº°‘Å. ŠÑ —œËÉè ¸–Óò ½éצ×Å ‡òº³ ‹Ñ —À‘ÞÇò —œ‘í�ã‘Ö ƒÆòé —œ‘í—é‘¥Ñ�è ºÖþ×ì ×€�Æ �€À¿½€×¿½�ª� ˆíº ƒÒ›Ž ¶íº°‘Å. ƒòî—À‘ÞÇò, ƒòîצØò, ƒÜ×ãØò ƒÆòé³ ¸–Ö ‡ò—éÖÒ‘Å  �êÆ´ °Ï×±ò ƒ³ ½é×¦Ú ‡òº³. ƒï ƒ¿½éצ؀î �êÆ �êÆ, ¸°Ò¿º¨×³ Æ‘³ ‡òéבì �°ïò ¸°ÖÚ�€ã¿ ºíê �êÆþׯ¨Å ‡òé À ‡Ý, �°í�™ �‘Ì«À‘� ƒÏ¿ºþ° ½€°ÉÏ ‡òé³. þ°‘òê ¶í�Å ½éצØò …èþã ½€°¹³ Ž¥¿º°‘� ¸°Ò¿º¨×³ Ž¥¿º±ò, �³ ½€°ÉÏבÇíì. ƒÜÚÏ™�€ã ³–ÒÅ ¡™�ÀÅ ‡ïñÅ �€ÀÉÅ. �‘¯¥í�‘�Å �€î´³Å ƒÜבé‘î ½éÚÏ-½€°ÉÏ —×òìÅ ³–Ò¤¡™�ÀÅ ‡òìÅ ƒÌª¨Ïþב¨ ×Ï×±ò, ¸–Ö ‡îþ× º¨Å ‡òº°‘Å. �‘¯¥í�‘�Å �€î´³Å ŠÏ½€¥ �ê¹°°‘ÇñÅ ŠÏ½€¥ �êÆ‘°°‘�ÚÅ ±�â×°‘Ë, ÃíêÕÅ �êÆ¿ºª¥°‘Ë Æ‘³ÁÒ°‘�, �€î´³Å ¸–Ö ‡îþ× —�‘㿺¨Å ‡òéבì.

‡.�‘.1.4.4.
   ƒï ‹Ñ ¸–Óò ½éÚÏ؀íê �°ò×Þ �êØÒ‘�Å ½€°ÉÏØ€î �êÆ¿½�בò þׯ¦ ÃÆÕÅþº‘þ° …´±�è —ÀËÆ‘�Å ‡òº³. �°ïò —œË±´³× �¹°�Ì« ½é™�Ì« ŽÍ€Æ�ã‘ŽÆ ƒ€×, ½€°ÉÏב� ƒÏ¿º€° ½éÚÏב� À‘íìØ™�Š؀î�æÀ‘Å ‡òé³. ¡™�À‘ØÏ¿º€° ³–ÒÀ‘™�׳ ‡ïñÅ Š™�Å. ��â¹³ —œòì ‚Ý´±Ö ½€°¹³ Ž¥¿º€° —×俺¨´³×³ þº‘òìÀ‘Å. ‚� �‘¯º‘ò À‘ª¨ ŠÑ ¸–Ö ƒÏ×€� Ø€î�€ã ‡à¿»íŽòéîבÅ. —×俺ª¨ ¶òì ½éÚÏØ€î™ �‘«¢—œË°ÕÅ, �°ò×Þ ½€°ÉÏØ€î �‘«¢—œË°ÕÀ‘� ¸–í�è ƒÒ›�Å ‡òé³. Ãòî€× …ÍÀ‘î›�è ‡î, »òî€× �ÍÀ‘î›�è ‡òº°‘Å. …€ÌÆ‘� ¶í�Å ŠÑ —º‘Ïäò ½é´þ°‘íé´€°™ �‘®Å À‘î›�è-�êØò —œÒÚ�è-…ÍÀ‘î›�—ãî, �Ïב� À€éÆ‘� ƒÏ¿º×íêòþÀÖ —œÖÕÅ À‘î›�è �°ïò �ÍÀ‘î›�è ‚Žòéî —×òº°‘Å.

‡.�‘.1.4.5.
  ƒï ƒÜ×€� …´±�ã‘Ö, �€× —ÀËÆ‘�×±ò ¸–í�æÅ ºÒØ°¿º¨Å ‡òé³. …ÍÀ‘î›�è ‡à×°í� ƒ¥À‘�ÚÅ �°ò ½éÚÏ �‘¯º°í� ‚°‘ÌÀ‘�ÚÅ ƒÏ¿º³ ƒ¹¸–Ö ‡òº³. ½éÚÏØ€î™ �¯¨ �ÍÀ‘î›�è —ºË³ ½€°ÉÏ´ —°ä¹³ �°€î Øã™�בò ‡àÅ ¸–í�è —œË¸–Ö ‡î¿º¨Å. ƒÜ×‘ì ƒ¹¸–Óò ×ÏÅ —°äØ€î ��¿º¨´± ƒÆÖ¸–Óí� ¯¨Å —œÖÒ, Ãò½ �‘«‘°³ ƒ¿—º‘à³ �‘«×Ï×±ò ½±Æ ½éÚÏ™ �‘«, ½±Æ ½€°ÉÏÅ ‚�þ× ½±Æ —œË¸–ÕÅ ‚™�×ÏÅ ‡òé³. ƒï æØÒ‘³ —œÖÒÚÅ ˜¨Å ‡òº³.

‡.�‘.1.4.6
  ƒÜבì ×ÏÅ —œË¸–Ö�è, ƒÆÖ¸–Ö ×ÞþÆ¢ —œòì ت¥�Ö °Øòê �°ñªŽ¥™�Šإƛ�€ãþÆ¿ ºíê …ÍÀ‘î›�è �ÍÀ‘î›�è ‡òéבþé ×ÏÅ …´±�€ã¿ —ºËþ°, �¹° ƒÆÖ¸–Ö �í»™�¿º¨—Àïò, ‚›�‘›�Å �íéÖ, »€ÝÆíé —ÀËÆ‘î™ �íéÖ ‡òº³. �¹¸–Ö ¸°Ó¶í�Å —º‘ϯ€À ƒ´°€�Æ  …´°�äò ×ÞþÆ°‘ò �êÆ×ÏÅ ‡òº±ò, �Ü×ÞþÆ¢ —œÖÕŠב�¿½™�è �€î´³Å �¹¸–Ó€î¿ ºíêÆ —ÀËÆê€×þÆ¢ —œ‘ÖÕŠב�¿½™�è �€î´³Å �¹¸–ӀíêÆ —ÀËÆê€×þÆ´ °ÏÅ ‡òº³. ƒ°ïò �¹¸–ÓÖ ½éÚÏ ×¦ØÕÅ ½€°ÉÏ ×¦ØÕÅ Æ‘³ ƒÖ€ÒþÆ‘, �³ ƒÏ¿º°‘�™ —�‘¯¨ —œÖÕŠב�¿½™�è �€î´³Å �í»°›�ã‘�þ× ‚Ž, ¸–Ö ¸°Ö×€°  �êÆ´°‘Ì‘—°òº³. ƒÖÒ‘°€°ÉÅ �í»°´±ò ƒÏ¿º°‘�™ ˜ì×±ò �€× —ÀËÆêÚ¿ ºñ×Ö�æÅ ‚�‘—°òé³.

‡.�‘.1.4.7.
  ƒÜ×‘ì ‡Ý™˜¦Æ —œË¸–í�€ã ˆí�ÚÅ »€Ý—Æî´ °èãÚÅ �Ò �ã€×�è …¯—¥òº³. ðґװ‘� ت¥�òì ƒÆÖ¸–ÓÖ ‡ÜצØÕÅ ƒÖÒ‘°€° ƒÏ¿º°‘�™ ˜êò, �¹¸–Ö �íº€î�è —�‘¯¦Ï¿º—°î, °èæ°íþ�íé³. ƒï ƒÌ¯¥‘×°‘�, ƒÆÖ¸–Óò ƒÏ¿º€°þÆ �ê¹³ œØ�íºÀ‘™Ž —œ‘íº¨´°Óò, ‚°Óò …¯€À�þã º�Ì¿º¨×±ò —œË¸–ÓÖ Ã̯º‘¨ ƒÏ™�™˜¥‘—°òº³. …¯€À�è ºÒבÇñÅ Šòþé‘—¥‘òì Ã̯º¥‘—°òº±ò ƒÜבì. ÃòñÅ »òñÅ þµ‘™� Ã̯º‘¨ …¯—¥ïò ˆí½€¥´°òì ‡òì ØÒ™�í º‘Ò°‘Å. Äòé‘×°‘� ½éÚÏØòê ½€°ÉÏ —œÖÒ™˜¥‘—°òº±ò, —œË¸–Ö�è �€î´³Å ½éÚÏ™�€ã °î™� ‚°‘̶Òî‘� °Ìþׯ¨—Àòº³. ƒÜ×‘ì °Ìב̑° —œË¸–í�è À€ÒÚ¥€ÀÇò ˆí½€¥´°òì ‡òº³. ƒï ŠþÌ ƒÆÖ¸–Ö ×Þ ºÒ —œË¸–Ö�è »é™�Ò‘—Àòº±ò, �€î´³Å ˆí�™˜¦Æ€×þÆ Æ‘ÇñÅ, ºÒºÒ º¦�è —œòì ¸®™�À‘� …èã³ ˆ€îÆ×í€éÉÅ °òñè ��¿º¨´± ¶íº±ò, �³þ× �¢�é¿»ò ˆí�¿º‘Ò³ ‡òº³. ƒÜ×‘ì ƒòñÅ ºÒ, �¯¥ê�.

‰¹°‘Å º¦—ÀË
 

þÀíþ�‘è:  ƒï ƒÜבì ×ÏÅ —œË¸–í�äÖ �Ò ³–̸–í�—ãòì …ã¿º¯½�€ã Øã™�×îב� ¶í�Å ‡òé³.

ˆ³: �¯¦° �꿽�‘Ò´±ÓϹ³ ب±€Æ´ °ÏÅ �êØò —°äÚ —œË¸–í�æ™� þ×é‘�, ƒ°ïòì ��¯¦°™ �꿽™ �‘ÒÚ«ÑØí� —ºÆÌ´ °ÏÅ £‘î´—°äØò ¸–í�ã‘� ƒ€× ¶íéÓò

‡.�‘.1.5.1
  ŠÑ ƒÆÖ¸–Óò ½éÚÏ ×Þ �êÆ¿º¨Å ½€°ÉÏ �깳Š�êÆ‘°¶€ÒÇÖ Ž¥™�Å ‹Ñ À€é¿½ ‚�Å. ½€°ÉÏ ƒÅÀ€éþ× �‘¯º‘ò À‘ª¨ °òñè Ž¥™�Å �êÆ‘€À ƒÏ€ã �êØ´³ ¶í�, �°€î¿ þº‘™�בò þׯ¦ �íéÖ Ã€î¿—º‘¨ ‡à¹³ �꿽�‘ÒÚ«ÑØò �°€î �ê¹° °òïò ‡±Ñ¶€Ò ¸±¿º‘� ¶íº€°¿ ºíê™—�‘¯¨ …´±�è —ºË³ �í�´ —°‘¥›�בè. ‡¿—º‘à³ ½€°ÉÏØò À€é¿½ þº‘™�¿º¨Žòéþ°‘, �¿—º‘à³ ½€°ÉÏØ€î �ê¹° ¶€Ò —ÀËÆ‘�, �×ò �°þî¨ ‰™ŽÆ¿ºª¨ �³þ×´ °‘î‘Ž ¶í�, �¯¦° �꿽�‘ÒÚ«ÑÚÅ �Ýòì ØàŽòé³. ƒÜבþé �×ò �íì™—�‘¯þ¥¢ —œÖÒ, �¯¦° �꿽�‘ÒÚ«ÑØí º¨×³Å ب±—ºì׳À‘� £‘î´ —°äÚ�è ×¹³ —�‘¯þ¥ ƒÏ™�, �×íêò —À‘ÞÇÆÖ —×俺‘¥‘� ¶íº€× —œË¸–í�äÖ ŠÑ °ò€Àíé‘ŽÆ �ϸ–í�ã‘Å. �¯¦° �꿽�‘ÒÚ«ÑØò �¦¿º€¥ÇþÒþÆ ƒ€× ‡à×±ò, ÄÒÀ‘ŽÆ ƒÆÖ¸–€Ò ƒòñÅ ƒòñÅ —°äÆ €×¿º°‘�þ× ƒ€× ƒÏ™�Å ‡òé³.

‡.�‘.1.5.2.
  ƒï ƒÜ×‘ì —œÖÕ€�ÇÖ ºíºÒ �ϸ–í�€ã¿ º€¥´³¿ º€¥´³ —œËבò ŠÏ×ò, °ò€îþÆ´ °‘ò Àê´³ þµ‘™Ž �×í€éþÆ ƒ¿—º‘à³ ƒÆÖ¸–í�ã‘�™ �¯¨, �×íêò ½€°ÉÏב� ¶í�Å °ò€îþÆ, °òïò À€é�€ãþÆ �í�´—°‘¥›� �°ò—º‘à³ ‡à×þ° ³–̸–í�è ‡òé³. ƒÜבì �ϸ–í�è ‡à×°í�™ �‘Ì«À‘�, ½€°ÉÏב� ¶íº³ °òïò ��¯¦° �꿽�‘ÒÚ«ÑØÖ º¨¶€ÒþÆ ‡òî, �¹¶€Ò °î™� À€éÆ‘� ³Ò›�‘³ ¶íº±ò, �°ò À€éØ€î¿þº‘™Ž —°äÆ¿ —ºÏÅ ×€�ÇÖ ‡àÅ ÃÆí��äò —×俺‘¥‘� ƒ´°€�Æ ³–̸–í�è ƒÏ™�Å ‡òº³. ‚�þ× ƒ€× °í�ÖØÇò º‘íºª¥€×Æ‘Å. ‚°Óò ƒ´°€�Æ ³–̸–í�è …ÒŽÆÖ Ø¥Æ›�€ã¿ ºíêÇÖÒ‘° ‚òÀ‘€×¿ ºíêÆ°‘�þ× �€ÀÉÅ ‡òº³.

‡.�‘.1.5.3.
  ƒÜבËÚ�è …ãØÆÖ ³€éÇí ºª¥€×Æ‘�, …èã´±ò ºÒ ƒÆÖ½�€ã Øã™�×îב�Å. …èã´±ò º¯½�äò —×俺‘¥‘� —œÆÖ�þ㠃Ͽº±ò, ‡à°¿º¨Å �ϸ–í�þ㑨, ‡à°¿º¥‘° —œ‘ÖÒ‘™�›�æÅ, ºÍº‘€œ�æÅ —À‘Þ¢œ‘ѽ —œÆÖ�æÅ ƒÆÖ¸–Ö�ã‘�™ �Ï°¿ºª¨ �×íêò ½€°ÉÏב� ƒÏ™�Å …ãØÆÖ½�€ã™ �¯¥ê¹³ —°äÆ ƒÜבËÚ�è —œÖÕÅ ‡òº°‘Å. ƒ›� —ÀË€ÀÇ€î¿ ºÆ¿º°‘ŽÆ …´±�è, �´³¿—º‘Ϫ�€ã ��´³¿—º‘Ϫ�äò ƒÆÖ½�ª� ƒé™�×°‘� �€ÀÆ‘—°òº³. ��´°€¥Çò �‘Ì«À‘� Æ‘×ò ƒÜבé‘î …´±�äò ×Þ …ã´€° ‚Æ´—°‘¥›�Žòé‘þî‘, �×ò »€ÝÆ‘î �êÚ�€ãþÆ¿ —ºì×ò ‡òº³. ��´³¿—º‘Ϫ�è †þ¥þÆ �´³¿—º‘Ϫ�ã‘ŽÆ …èã›�äò ƒÆÖ½�è —×俺ª¨ ¶íº±ò, ƒ´³€éÇÖ —ÀË€À€Æ ºÆ™�Å …´±�ã‘×î, ‡Üבé‘î ��´³¿—º‘Ϫ�äò ½éÚÏ™�äò, ‡Üבé‘î …èã´±ÆÖ½ ½€°ÉÏב� ¶í�Å ¶Á´°�‘Ì«À‘�ÚÅ ¶íŽòé³ ‡òé �ê×°‘�Å.

‡.�‘.1.5.4.
   �´°‘ŽÆ …èãÅ °òïÆÖ½�€ã ‹Ñ ¶Á´°�‘Ì«À‘�þ× ¶òì, ‰Å½Ò¸�Ñ¢�™� ‚Ë×ÏÅ º¯»ò ��´³¿—º‘Ϫ�äò º¯½�€ã´ ±Í´þ° —×俺¨´³Žòé³. ‡ÜØÆÖ½ ¶Á´°�‘Ì«À‘� ¶òì ‡Üבì ��´³¿—º‘Ϫ�€ã ±Í™Žòé³ ‡òì �êÆ´ °Ï×þ° °í�Öغ‘íºª¥ …´±�ã‘Å. �´³¿—º‘Ϫ�è ��´³¿—º‘Ϫ�þ㑨 ƒ€œ¹þ° °ò€î —×俺¨´±™—�‘è×±ò ƒÜבì. ƒ›� ºÇÕÅ ¶Á´° �‘Ì«´³×Å, —ºã±�‘Ì«´±ò (physical causation) þ×캪¥°‘Å. A Çò �‘Ì«À‘�´°‘ò B ‡ñÅ—º‘à³, �°í� ‚°‘ÌÀ‘� Ÿª¨™�‘ÒÚ«Ñþ× ¶í»ò, �³ —ºã±��‘Ì«´³×Å ºÇÕÅ ¶€ÒÆ‘Å. ƒï ƒ°í�™ �‘Ì«À‘� �꿽�‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ ƒÏ¿»ò, �³ ¶Á´°�‘Ì«´³×Å ºÇÕÅ ¶€ÒÆ‘Å. ƒ›� �´³¿—º‘Ïäò ŠÑ ƒÆÖ½, ½€°ÉÏב� ‚�þ× ¡™�ÀÀ‘�, À€éÆ‘� ¶òì °‘ò ƒ€œ¹³ ¶í�Å ��´³¿—º‘Ïäò º¯½�€ã ±Í¿º±ò ×Þ °€î™ �‘ª¦¶íº°‘Å. ÀÒѹ° Ã�Å ÀîÀŽâ¢�€ÆÉÅ, ŸÏ›ŽÆ Ã�Å Àî×Ï´°´€°ÉÅ �‘ª¦¶íº³ þº‘Ö ƒ›�. …ã´±ò ÀŽâ¢� ¶€Ò ½€°ÉÏב� ¶òì Ã�´±ò º¯½�€ã ±Í¿º±ò, �³ ¶Á´°�‘Ì«À‘Çíì ‡òº°‘Å.

1.5.5.
  ƒï ¶Á´°�‘Ì«›�ª� �Ñ´°´³×Å ƒÏ™�, —ºã±�™�‘Ì«›�ª� �³ ƒÖ€Ò ‡òé³. AœÅºØ™� B œÅºØ¿»ò,  A œÅºØ™�‘³ þº‘� BÉÅ œÅºØ™�‘³ þº‘Çò, A ™�Å  B ™�Å ƒ€¥þÆ ‹Ñ —ºã±�™ �‘Ì­Æ´—°‘¥™� …¯—¥òº°‘�™ —�‘㿺¨Å. À¯œª¦€Æ �þÝ¿ þº‘¥ �³ …€¥°Ö, ŠÑ —º‘π㠗µÏ¿»Ö בª¥ �³ �Ï�Ö, �ÁÒ´€° �‘Ì�´þ°‘¨ þœÑ™� …¿½ …¯¥‘°Ö À¯¬í Ž¥™�Š؀°™� ÿÑ †íé �³ Ã€ã´°Ö ‡òºîþº‘òé ¶�â¢��è —ºã´²��‘Ì­�´ —°‘¥™� …¯—¥î �¬¿º°í� ˆ³×‘î  ¶�â¢��è. ƒ›� �Ñ´°´³×Å ƒÖ€Ò—Æòé³. ‹Ñ ��´³ ¶�â¢� »êþ°‘Ñ �´³ ¶�â¢�—Æ‘¨ ƒÜ×‘ì —°‘¥™�íì ¶íº°í� �Ñ´°´³×Å °Ï°Ö »€Ý—Æòº³. ‚�þ× ƒ›� ¶Á´°�‘Ì«´³×Å °×쀥´³ ‡òé³. ƒ›� ºÇÕÅ �‘Ì«™�‘ÍÆ´ —°‘¥™� �¬°¿º¯»î—×òº±ò, �¬°—À‘ÞÇÖ ³ÖÓÆÀ‘� …«Ñ´°×Ï×°‘Å.

‡.�‘.1.5.6.
  ƒï ¶Á´°�‘Ì«´³×´±í� ‡Üבì �Ñ´°´³×Å —º‘Ϲ³×³ ‡ïò, �´±ÆÖº‘ŽÆ ½€°ÉÏÚÅ, ��´±ÆÖº‘ŽÆ ½éÚÏÚÅ œÀ�‘ÓÆÅ —×òº±ò —º‘Ϲ³×³ ‡òºþ°. œÀ�‘ÓÆÀ‘� ŠþÌ þµÌ´±Ö þ°‘òê �‘Óª¨ ¶íº°‘Å. A �‘ÓÇ¥‘° þº‘³ B �‘ÓÇ¥‘³ þº‘׳Å, A�‘ÓǨÅþº‘þ° B �‘ÓǨ׳ �êÆ×ÏÅ ‹Ñ —°‘¥Ñþº �Ñ´°´³×Å (Agentivity) ‡òº³. �‘Óª¨ ¶íº°‘׳, —×俺ª¨ þ°‘òê ¶íº°‘Å. ÀŽâ¢� ‡òº³ …èã´±ò �‘Óª¨ ¶í�, �þ°—º‘à³ ÀÒÑ¢� Ã�´±Ö �‘Óª¨ ¶í»ñÅ, ÀŽâ¢� …èã´±Ö �‘Ó¥‘³ þº‘� ÀÒÑ¢�ÉÅ Ã�´±Ö �‘Ó¥‘³ þº‘�, …ã´±Ö ÀŽâ¢� ¶€ÒþÆ Ã�´±ò ÀÒÑ¢�™�  ¶Á´° �‘Ì«À‘Çíì ‡òº°‘Å. ƒ›� ‡ä±Ö �‘«×ÏÅ ½éÚÏ™�è �‘ÍÆÀ‘�, …´±�è —ºËþ° �êÆ ×ÏÅ ½€°ÉÏ™�è �‘Ì«À‘� �¬™�¿º¨Žòéî —×òº³. �‘Ì«´³×Å �Ñ´°´³×Å ‡òº±ò, �¬°™�¬¿»í� ‡ª¥‘°—בòé‘�ÚÅ ‚�þ× …Ë´³ �êÆ×Ï×°‘�þ× ¶í�Å º¯»íì ‡òº³À‘Å.

‚é‘Å º¦—ÀË
.
þÀíþ�‘è: ƒï �‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ �¥¹°ê ±é´°°‘�ÚÅ, ‡ÖÒ‘×€� ¸–í�æ™�Å ±ÏÄÒÀ‘�ÚÅ ƒÏ™Žòéþ×‘Ñ ¸–Ö …¯—¥òº³.
 ˆ³: ��¯¦° �꿽�‘ÒÚ«ÑØÖ ‡à ‡ÖÒ‘ ¸–í�€ãÉÅ —°‘�´³ ƒÆÖ¸–Ò‘™Ž �×íêò ½€°ÉÏ€× þµ‘™Ž¢ —œÖÒ, �‘Ò™�Ýí� —ÀËÆ‘�×±ñÅ, �¹¶€ÒÇÕÅ £‘îÅ »Ì�‘œÅ …¯—¥òº±ñÅ.

‡.�‘.1.6.1.
  ƒï ��¯¦°™ �꿽�‘ÒÚ«ÑØÖ (Fundamental Temporality) ƒÏ¹³—�‘¯þ¥ °ò€îþÆ´ °‘ò �‘®Å ‚òÀ‘, °òñè °‘îêÆ‘³ Ž¥¹°×‘ì °ò€îþÆ ƒ´°ò€À—Æî, ƒ™�«´±—îî, ƒ´±é´±—îî, ºÒבì þœ¦™�Å À€éœ´±�€ã,  ½€°ÉÏ™�€ã™ �¯¨ �×í€éÉÅ —°ä¹³ —À‘Þº¨´³Å ‡òé³. °òñè ¶òéþº‘±ÕÅ °î™� �¿º‘Ò‘� °î³ ºÖþ×ì ƒÏ¿½¶€Ò�€ã �Ïè×°‘�, þœ¦¿º°‘� ƒ€× ƒÏ™�, ƒ×íêò —°äØî‘Ö ‡àÅ ¸–í�è, ³–Ò¸–í�ã‘ŽÆ �ϸ–í�æ™� þ×é‘�ÚÅ, �×í€éþÆ Øã™�×°‘�ÚÅ �€ÀÆ, �€× ³–̳–Ì ¸–í�è ‡î¿º¨Å ‡òº³. ‚�À›�è ‡ïñÅ °�Å. ƒÜ×‘ì °òñè ¶òé×‘ì °òïò ƒÏ¿½ ¶€Ò�€ã þœ¦¿º°‘�, °ò€î þÀØ ¶í�Å ƒ€×þÆ —°Ë×›�è ‡î, �¢œ´±�€ã™ �¯¥ê¹³ Øã™�Å ¸–í�è �°ïò ‚�À›�è ‚Žòéî ‡òº³.

‡.�‘.1.6.2.
 ƒ´°€�Æ ‚�À›�æÅ ‡¯¬é¹°×îבÅ. ‚â�¥Ö  Äâ�Å ŠÏ×ò —œòé ‚Ý´±í� ˆíº �¥Õèã�´€° �‘¯º‘—îî, �°í�´ °�þ× �×î³ —œ‘í�æÅ ƒÏ™�—Àî, �°€î¿ þº‘òéþ° ‚�À›�äò …ªŽ¥™€�ÉÅ ‡òé³. ŠÜþ×‘Ñ …èã´€°ÉÅ "ƒÜØÆÖ»íþ鑨 ƒÏ" ‡òé×‘ì ƒÏ´³Å —°Ëל´±�æÅ ‡¯¬é¹°—×î,  �×í€é™ �¯¨ —°ä¹³ —œ‘íº¨´³Å ‚�À›�æÅ ‡¯¬é¹°î —×òé³. ŠÜ—בÏ×Ñ …è㴳ŠŽ¥™Žòé ƒ¹° —°Ëבâ�¥í ºÆ«þÀ £‘îÆ‘´±€Ì—Æî, �¹° Æ‘´±€ÌÇÖ ‡´—°Ë×´€° ŠÏ×ò �‘¯Žòé‘þî‘, �°€îþÆ �ê¹°×î‘� �°€î Ø㙎 ‹Ñ ‚�ÀÅ ‡à³×ò ‡òº±ò, —°Ë×›�è ‡¯«íé€×Æ‘� ƒÏ™�, ƒ´°€�Æ ‚�À›�æÅ ‡¯«íé€×Æ‘Å. þÀÕÅ ƒ´°€�Æ ‚�À›�æÅ ‹Ñ —°Ë×þÀ ‚þ×�´³ �¹° ‚òÀ‘´°‘þîÆ‘Ž °ò€îþÆ —œ‘íº¨´°Óò, ƒ¹° ‚�À›�æÅ º�×´�€°�ã‘�, �Ïèב™��ã‘�þ× —×俺¨Å ‡òº³.

‡.�‘.1.6.3.
  ƒï ƒ´°€�Æ ‚�À›�€ãþÆ ƒÆÖ¸–Ò‘™Ž �×íêò ½€°ÉÏב� ¶íº×í€é  Æ‘×ò Øœ‘Í™Žòé‘þî‘, �×ò —°Ë× …º‘œ�ò �ÖÒ‘³  �×£‘ïÆ‘Ž …ÆÑŽòé‘ò ‡òº³. ŠÜ—×‘Ï ‚ÝÃÅ �¹¶Æº‘×€îÇò �꿽�‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ¥þîþÆ ×Ì, ƒ¹° ‚�À›�äò ±ÏÄÒÅ ¶´±ÆÀ‘î°‘�, œ´±ÆÀ‘î°‘� �€î´±í�Å ÄÒÀ‘î°‘�, Šòé‘�, Š¦Øòê ƒÏ¿º°‘� �‘ÒÚ«ÑØ€îþÆ Øà›�×°‘� ƒÏ™�—Àòº³. ‡ÖÒ‘×€� ³–̳–Ì ¸–í�æ™�Å ‚�þ× ‡ÖÒ‘×€� ¸–í�æ™�Å ÄÒ¿½€°ÉÏב�, ÄÒÀ€éÆ‘� ƒ³þ× ƒÏ™Žòé³ ‡òº°‘Å. »é¿»é ¸–í�—ãÖÒ‘Å �‘Òګїב¨ ×Ì, ‚�þ× �œ´°‘Ë ØÝ, �‘Ò‘�Òî‘� ƒ³þ× ¶íŽòé³ ‡òº°‘Å, ‡òìÅ �ÞÆ‘° œ´°‘Ë ƒÏ™Žòé³ ‡òº°‘Å. ‡ÖÒ‘ ¸–í�æ™�Å ÄÒÅ ƒ³þ× —Æî, ‡ÖÒ‘ £‘î›�€ãÉÅ °òñè —�‘¯¦Ï¿º°‘�ÚÅ ƒ³þ× Øã›�Žòé³ ‡òº°‘Å.
 

‡.�‘.1.6.4
  �‘ÒÚ«ÑØ€î �Ýíê¥þ×´ °‘ò ƒ¹° ÄÒÀ€é´ —°äב�Å ‡òº±ò, �°î‘Ö ×ÏÅ £‘î´—°äבŽÆ �×£‘î´€° —œ‘íº¨´° æƑ³ ‡òéבì. �‘ÒÚ«ÑØòê ŽãØÆ‘™�Ö ƒÖ€Ò—Æòº±ò ƒÜבì. ‚� …ÒŽÖ —œ‘ÖÒ‘ÓÆòé ‡ÜØ° þ×°ÃÅ ±ÏÀé�æÅ, ƒ¹° ÄÒ¸–Ö �ÖÒ—×òé³. —ÀËÆ‘î £‘Öþ×°À‘ŽÆ ƒ³ …¯—¥î �ê™�¿º¨þÀ °Øé,  �°ò …ªŽ¥™€�Æ‘ŽÆ �×£‘îÅ —œ‘íº¨´° ב̑—°òº³. �‘ÒÚ«ÑØ€î™ �Ýíê Ù� Ÿ´°À‘Ž ‡×ò ƒòñÅ ˆ�Žòé‘þî‘ �×ñ™þ� �ñ¾± £‘îÀ‘� ƒ³ Ø€ãÉ—Àòé³. ƒÜבé‘î ƒÏ¿½¶€ÒþÆ �×�± ‡òº³. ƒ´°€�Æ �×�±Éíé‘ò �ñºØ™Žòé �×£‘îþÀ œ´°êÚ ‡òé³. —œ‘í�ã‘Ö �òê þÀÒ‘î þÀ‘î´°‘Ö, �òô±€ÌÆ‘Ö �ê™�¿º¨×°‘�Å.

‡.�‘.1.6.5.
   ƒ´°€�Æ þÀ‘ï—À‘ÞÇò ±ÏÄÒ´€°, £‘òþ×°´€° ½€°ÉÏב�™ �¯¨ �°ò À€é€Æ þº‘™�—×๰ ¸–Õ´±�þ㠜̀Æ, ŽÍ€Æ, þÆ‘�Å,  £‘îÅ ‡òé³. ƒ´°€�Æ �×£‘î´€° �ê¹³ —°ä¹³ ƒÏ™Žòé  ¶€Ò�þã œ‘þÒ‘�‘±¿ º°Ø�—ãî, �×íêí� ˆí�îþ× ƒ¹° �×£‘î´€° °î³ —º‘Ï㥙�À‘�™ —�‘¯¦Ï™�Å  £‘Öþ×°´€° ב�´°ê¹³—�‘èã ºÇÕ¿º¨Å ƒÜÚ´±�è ‡òº³. œ‘þÒ‘� ¶€ÒÇÖ þÆ‘�Å, œ‘É¢�Æ ¶€ÒÇÖ £‘îÅ ‡òº³. œÍ€Æ�äí —°‘¥›Ž  £‘î´±Ö Ã¦ÉÅ ƒÜÚ´±�è ‚òÀ‘€× �×£‘î¤ Ÿ¥ÏÅ £‘Öþ×°™�¥Ö ½�°í� ˆ³×‘Žòéîþ×´ °Øé, �°€î �ñ¾±�ã‘�™ —�‘ã´ °Ì‘³ ‡òº³. …´±�è �€î´³Å —œË±´³×À‘Æ �Ñ´°´³×Å, œ‘ª�Æ´³×À‘ŽÆ Š¨™�´³×ÃÅ À‘ê À‘ê ×ÏÅ ×€�ÇÖ ƒÆ›�×±ò, Æ‘¯¨ �Ñ´°´³×Å …¯þ¥‘ ‚›� "µ‘ò" ‡ñÅ ��¹€° …¯—¥òº±ñÅ, ‚�þ× �¹¶ÆÚ«ÑÚ …¯—¥òº±ñÅ �êÆ ×ÏŽòé À€é£‘îÅ �×£‘îÅ ‚�‘—°òé³.

‡.�‘.1.6.6.
  ƒï ƒÜ×‘ì °‘ò �×£‘îÅ �ñ¾±Æ‘�—Àî, ‡ÖÒ‘Ú´±�æÅ °‘þî �ÝòìØÝ, ƒ³ �´±™�Å ‡òº³. …´±�è —ºËÉÅ ¶€Ò ƒÖÒ‘³þº‘�, ‡Ý‘×€�ÇÖ ‚òÀ‘ Ÿ´°À‘�, �³—º‘à³ �Ñ´°´³×ÃÅ œ‘ª�´³×ÃÅ ‡Ý‘³þº‘�, °íþº‘°ÃÅ �¹¶ÆÚ«ÑÚÅ ‡Ý‘³þº‘Å ‡òéבì. ƒ³þ× ŠÞØÖ Š¨™� ƒÏ¿½¶€Ò ‡òº³. ƒÜ×‘ì ŠÞÆ‘³ Š¨›Ž¥, �³—º‘à³ »Ì�‘�™�Å £‘î—ÀÖÒ‘Å �×£‘îþÀÆ‘�, �Œ³ �ñ¾±™� ‚Ë×ÏÅ ‡òé³. �³—º‘à³ �‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ ƒò€ÀÇò, �¹¶Æ¿ º‘Ñ€×ÉÅ ƒò€ÀÇò, �°€î ƒÆÖ¸–Ò‘™Ž ½€°ÉÏ �‘« ˆ�°Ö ‡Ý‘þ° Øà°Óò, £‘îÆ‘´±€ÌÇò Ã¦Ú ƒ³þ× ‡òé³. »é ¸–í�è �€î´±í�Å ƒÌª¨Ï ØÏ™�, ƒ¢�×£‘î´±ò £‘Öþ×°´±í� ƒÌª¨Ï ƒÖ€Ò—Æòé³. ŸÆÅ»Ì�‘œÀ‘� Æ‘—°‘Ï …´±ÉÅ þׯ¥‘³ Ÿ¥Ï—À‘òì ‡òé³.