µ‘›�‘Å ¸–Ö
�ã€× Øœ‘Ì€« 2
º¥ÒÅ µ‘›�: —ÀËÇÆÅ

ƒï þÀþÒ ƒÆÓƸ–ÓÆÅ ØÍ´°þº‘³Å, �°€îƨ´³ ˆÌ«Úì¿»ÆÅ ØÍ´° þº‘³Å ‚›� ¶òì ¶ÒØ
�´³€é�ª� ƒòêÆ€ÀÆ‘° Šòé‘� ¶òé³ "…¯€À" ‡òé �Ï´°‘�Å. …¯€À€Æ °ØÑ´³ »é×í€é
�‘«´°Ì‘°—µê ƒÆÓÆ ¸–—îê ‡î¿ºª¥³. ˆÌ«�¹°€î ¶Æ±�è ƒ³—×îÚÅ, �°ò …쿽™�è
ƒ³—×îÚŠ׀̹³ ¶ì´³°í� ˆ³×‘� �€À¹±Ï¹³Å …¯€À ‡ñÅ þ�‘ªº‘þ¥ …¯€À ‡òé‘Ö Æ‘³
‡ñþÀ‘Ñ —°äØ€î �בØþÆ´ ƒ´³€é�è Øã™�¿ºª¥î. þÀÕÅ €œ× €µÆ‘Ç�´±Ö …¯€À ‡ñÅ
…«ÑØí� �‘Ì«À‘Ë ¶íº³ ‚òÀ �휴±þÆ ‚�þ× �³°‘ò �ã€× »é×ÖÒ ‡ñÅ �Ï´³Å ƒ›�
ƒòñÅ ¸ªºÀ‘� ‚Ì‘Æ¿ºª¨  Øã™�ÃìÅ ‡òº€°ÉÅ Ã혪¦þÆ —œ‘ÖÓØ¥þׯ¨Å. À€éÚþº‘™Ž
ƒòñÅ Á�´ —°äב� þº‘°´±Ö ƒÏ™Žòé þ�‘ªº‘¨ Øœ‘Í™�¿ºª¨ —°äב™�¿º¨Å ‡òº°‘Å. ƒ€é×ò
�‘ª¥, �‘ª¦Æבþé ŠÏ×ò �‘®Åþº‘þ°, �휴±¿ º±Øò ×Þ ê€é×þî …«Ñ´³Žòé‘ò ‡òºþ°
—ÀË�¯¥‘Ñ ƒ³ —°‘¥Ñº‘� —�‘¯¥ �Ï´°‘�Å �òº³ Øã™�¿ºª¨ ‚�þ× þº‘°´±Ö Øã›�׳
€µÆ‘Ç�Å �ÖÒ À‘é‘� ÀÌ»ÆÓÖ Øã™�¿º¨Å ˆÌ«ØÆþÒ ‡òìÅ ¶€Òµ‘ª¥¿º¨Å ƒ›�.
 

¡´±ÌÅ 3:
 
ºÖþÒ‘ —Ì‘´±¥¿ º�ѹ±¥‘ —°³ÚÅ
 —ÀË—Æî™ —�‘ã×Ì‘ ØÏ¿»ò �íº€î
 —º‘Ë—Æî ÚÀ‘�Å, ½Í¹³—�‘è ×ÞÇÖ€Ò
 …¯€À—Æñ ëÑØò …ì±Ø€ã Æ‘°Óò

ƒ¢¡´±ÌÅ ‡ò ¸°Óíþé‘—×ïò …¯€À—Æî Æ‘³ ¶íŽòéþ°‘ �³ ºÒÌ‘Ö Š´±¨Å º¯»íì ‡îÚÅ
‚�þ× Æ‘³ ƒÜ×‘ì ƒÆÒ‘±Ï™Žòéþ°‘ �³—×ÖÒ‘Å ‚òÀ™ �í»°›�è ‡òºþ°‘¨ —º‘Ë ‡îÚÅ
º�ѹ±¥ ×ÏÅ ‡òº°‘Å. þÀÕÅ Æ‘³ …¯€ÀÆ‘Ë ¶íŽòéþ°‘, �³ �ÞÆ‘³ ¶íŽòé �é¿»ò ��´±Ö
ŠÑ …ì± …«ÑØ€î °¹³—�‘¯þ¥ ¶òì ØÝ‘³ ºí鿺¨×°‘Ë ¶í�—ÀòìÅ …«Ñ´³°Ö ¸°Óíì
‡òº°‘Å. …¯€À ‡òº³ �€î×Ï™�Å —º‘³×‘� ¶í�—À‘òì ‡òº—°‘¨, Æ‘¯¨Å �ÞÆ‘³ ¶í�Å
°€�€À´³ ‡òº³À‘Å.

ðґŠº¦—ÀË.

þÀíþ�‘è:  »Ì€À�ã‘ŽÆ …¯€ÀÆêÚ�€ãþÆ´ °ÏÅ »ÌÀ‘�Ì«›�—ãî ‡™�Ì«›�æÅ ƒÖ€Ò—Æòé³.

ˆ³: ƒ¿º¯»íì ‡î™�‘ª¥¿º¨Å ‡ÖÒ‘ �ã€×�æÅ …¯€À°‘ò Æ‘—°ñÅ �ê€× ��¿º¨´±þÆ ¶íº±ò.

‡.�‘.3.1.1.

…¯€À �êÚ�€ãþÆ´ °ÏÅ »Ì‘À«›�ã‘�, �ã€×�ã‘� �ÒÑ »Ì´±Æ™�´€°´ °Ì, þ×ì �ÒÑ
�°þ �ñÀ‘î´€°ÉÅ °Ì, ƒòñÅ �ÒÑ �×íþ鑨 ‚�À´€°ÉÅ þœÑ´³ �ã€×�è Šò—éîÚÅ,
ƒÌ¯—¥îÚÅ, Äòé—îÚÅ  ˜ê¢ —œÖ×Ñ. ƒòñÅ �ÒþÌ‘ ƒ×íêò º�±Æ‘�ÚÅ þ×é‘�ÚÅ �Ï´°‘º´±,
‰²�Å, …ºÀ‘îÅ, �ñºÒ´± ‡òìÅ ƒòñÅ ºÒבìÅ �ã€×�€ã ØÍ´³™—�‘¯þ¥ —œÖ×Ñ. ƒ€×
�€î´³Å »ÌÀ‘�Ì«›�ã‘� ‚�þ× »ÌÀ‘«›�ã‘� —�‘㿺¨×±ò, ŠÑ ¡´±Ì´±ò —º‘π㠃Ü×€�
»ÌÀ‘«›�äò ×Þ ‡à¹°³  ‡òì Ø㙎ئò, …¥òº‘¨ …ì±Æ‘�¿ »é™�Å ‡òé µÅ»™€�ÇÖ
°Ñ™�Å —œÖÒ, …è—ã‘ä —ºÏ™Ž …«Ì€×´°Ö, °‘ò �¯¥€° »éÏ› �‘«€×´°Ö ‡ñÅ ×€�ÇÖ
ƒ´°Ñ™�›�è ƒÖÒ‘³ þº‘�, ƒ€× �‘¯¦€� …€Ì�è �ÖÒ—×òº³. þÀÕÅ ƒ€× »ÌÀ‘�Ì«›�è
‡ñÅþº‘³, …¯€ÀÆêÚ ‡òé—בòì …¯—¥òì þÀí—�‘¯þ¥ ƒ×Ñ�è ב°›�è —œË×±ò, ƒ€×
�‘¯¦€� …€Ì �òé‘Çíì ‡òº°‘Å.

‡.�‘.3.1.2.
 
�‘ª�É«ÑבŽÆ »Ì´±Æ™�´€° �€× þ°‘òìŠבÇÖ �ϱ בÇí�‘ª�, À‘î°™�‘ª�,
°òþ×°€î™ �‘ª� ‡òìÅ, ÀÒ›�€ã בª¦ £‘Ϫ¦ÇÖ ‡à ؤ£‘î™�‘ª�, �×£‘î™�‘ª�
‡òñÅ ×�™�¿º¨Å. �‘ª��è ƒ´°ò€Àíì, ƒÜ×‘ì ƒÜבì �€× ‡àÅ, ƒÜ×‘ì ƒÜבì �€×
×�™�¿º¨Å ‡òº³ …¥òº‘ª¦í�ÍÆþ° ‡ïñÅ, ‰Æ´±íŽ¥À‘î ŠÑ �Ï´³ ƒ´°€�Æ ŠÑ �‘ª�Çò
×ÞÆ‘� —ºé¿ºª¥³ ‡òé ŠþÌ �‘Ì«´±í�‘� …¯€À—Æòì …¥òº¥×‘Ì‘—°òº³. �‘«¿º¨×³ �€î´³Å
ƒÌª¨ÏØò ¸–í�—ãî, �×íêí� ½éÚÏ—×òìÅ ½€°ÉϗׯÏÅ ƒÏ×€� …ÏÚ�è œÀ�‘ÓÆ›�ã‘�
(simulyaneous) ¶í�, ƒÜ×€�™ �‘ª��äò ×ÞÆ‘� Æ‘³ …¯—¥î �êÆ¿º¨Žòéþ°‘ �€× �€î´³Å
Ãíé‘�´ —°äÆ¿ºª¥ —בòé‘� ‡à×±Ö€Ò ‡òº³. ‚ÇñÅ …¯¨ ‡ñÅ …¯€À€Æ �êÆ´°Ï×±ò,
»éÌ‘Ö �³ …¥òº¥™˜¦Æ—בòé‘�ÚÅ ƒÏ¿º±ò, "…¯€À ‡òé‘Ö ƒ³" ‡ñþÀ‘Ñ þ�‘ªº‘ª€¥
…ª—�‘¯þ¥ ƒ™—�‘è€� —œÖŽòé³ ‡òº³. …ª—�‘¯¥  þ�‘ªº‘¨ Æ‘—°ïò "‰ÆÃÅ ±Í½Å ÀϪ€�ÉÅ
þº‘™Ž Æ‘³ �‘¯º°í�  ×ÏŽòéþ°‘, �³ …¯€À" ‡òºþ°Æ‘Å.

‡.�‘.3.1.3.

ƒï °‘Ñ™Ž�Ñ ˜ìÅ �ñÀ‘îÀ‘׳, "À€ÒÇÖ ½€�, Æ‘›�¿ ½€�þÆ‘ ‚›� —µÏ¿½, ‚�þ× À€ÒÇÖ
—µÏ¿½" ‡òéבì �‘ª�™�¿ ½Òî‘�×€°™ —�‘¯¨, �‘ª�™�¿ ½Òî‘�—בò€é, …¥ï�â¢� ‡ñÅ
×Þ �¹¸×ÆÅ —×±þÌ�Å ‡òì›�‘ª¦, …¯€À—Æòì œ‘±™� ÃÆÖ×°‘�Å. œ‘±™�™ �‘Ì«À‘� ¶íº³
ˆ—°î¿º¥, �¹¸ÆÅ —×±ÌþÌ�Å ‡òº×íêò×Þ …¥ï�â¢� ¶ì´°¿º¨×³ …°‘Ì«À‘�, œ‘±™�¿º¨×³
ƒ›� þÀíþ�‘ã‘� µØÒ¿º¨Žòé³. ƒï —×俺ª¨Å �€î×Ì‘ÕÅ …¥òºª¨ ¶íŽòé ‹Ñ …¯€ÀÇÓϹþ°
»Íþ°‘Ñ …¯€À ƒÜ×€� �ñÀ‘î›�ã‘Ö —ºé¿º¨Žòé³ ‡òº±ò, …¯€À—Æòé‘Ö ƒŒ—°ñÅ �êÚ
…ª—�‘¯¥ —בòé‘�þ× ƒ›�Å ƒÏ™Žòé³ ‡òº°‘Å. …¯€ÀÆ‘ŽÆ ½éÚÏØÓϹ³ œÀ�‘ÓÆÀ‘�ÚÅ
¶Á´°�‘Ì«À‘�ÚÅ ¶í�Å ½€°ÉÏØ€î™ �‘¯ºþ° ˆÌ«ØÆÓò �ñÀ‘ï´°—Òî, ƒ›�Å …¯€À€Æ¿
ºíêî þ�‘ªº‘¨ ˆí�îþ× …¯—¥òº³.

‡.�‘.3.1.4.

‚�À›�€ã »ÌÀ‘«›�ã‘�™ —�‘è׳Å, ƒ°€î¿ þº‘òþé ‡òé³. �‘¯º—°Ò‘Å ¸–—Òî, ½éÚÏ™
�¯¨ ½€°ÉÏ —°ä¹³ —œË¸–Ö�ã‘� ‚™Ž™—�‘¯þ¥ ‚Ý ‚Ý¢ —œÖÒ, ³–̸–—ÒòìÅ ³–̳–̸–—ÒòìÅ
æØÖ ƒÌª¨Ï×íé £‘Öþ×°Å ×Ï—Àòì› �¯þ¥‘Å. ƒ›� ³–̳–Ì ¸–í�þã ‚�À›�è, ŸÏ±�è,
þ×°›�è, ½Ì‘«›�è ‡î¿º¨×°‘Å. �¥¿½Ï�‘¯ ±é´³ £‘î±Ïª¦Çò �‘«×Ϻ€×Æ‘� ƒ¹°
‚�À‘±�è Ž¥™�, �€× �‘ª¨Å …Ò�Å —º‘Ϫ�æÅ �´°€�Æ �‘ª��ª� ×Ï×±ò À‘´±€ÌÆ‘ò
…¯—¥î …¥òº¥ €×´°Óò, ‚›� ƒÜבì �‘«×Ï×±ò …¯€ÀþÆ, —º‘ËÆÒ ‡òé �Ï´³Å
…ª—�‘㿺ªþ¥ ¶íº±ò, ƒ›�Å …¯€À ƒ³—×ñÅ ŠÑ þ�‘ªº‘¨ …¯—¥òº³. ‡³ £‘î±Ïª¦™�
…ã°‘Ë �‘«×ÏŽòéþ°‘, �³ …¯€ÀþÆ —º‘ËÆÒ ‡òºþ° ƒ›�Å …ª—�‘¯¨ …º�Í™�¿º¨Å …¯€À€Æ¿
ºíê �êÚ ‡òº°‘Å.

‡.�‘.3.1.5.
 
ƒï …×À‘îÀ‘׳ …èæ€é …×ÀÅ, ˆ€î …×À—Àî ƒÏ×€�´°‘Ž —º‘Ïæ«ÑÚ þ°íê ¶í�—Àòº³.
ƒ×í€é …èæ€é …×ÀÅ °ØÑ´° »é, �ê¹³ …¯€À—Æòì —�‘¯¥ Šòþ鑨 �êÆ‘¿»Í±€î Š¿»ª¨
Šòê€î …¯€À—Æî …«Ñ´° ‡à×±ò, �깱Ͽº³ …¯€ÀþÆ ‡òì ƒ›� …ª—�‘èãÖ µ¥™Žòé°‘Å. ƒï  …èæ€é …×ÀÅ (metaphor) ‡òº³ £‘î±Ïª¦Çò �‘«×ÏÅ Šò€é, �°íŽ¥À‘� —º‘êÓÆ¿º‘Ñ€×
×ÏÅ ŠòêòþÀÖ ˆíê …è …€é×°‘�™ ˜é¿º¨×±ò, —º‘êÓÆ¿º‘Ñ€×™� ×Ï׳ …¯€ÀþÆ ‡òì
…ª—�‘㿺¨Žòé³ ‡òº°‘Å. …¯€À—Æòì …¥òºª¥ Šòê€î¿ ½éÚÏב�™ �¯¨, �°ïò ½€°ÉÏב�,
…èþã …€é×°‘� Æ‘³ …«Ñ´³Žòéþ°‘ �³þ× …èæ€é …×ÀÀ‘� —×俺¨×±ò, …¯€À Æ‘—°òé´
—°äÚ ˆí�îþ× …¯—¥òº°‘Å. …¯€ÀÆ‘� ¶í�—À‘òêñè …¯€ÀÆ‘�´ ±�à—À‘òê€î …«Ñ´³Å
þº‘þ° …èæ€é …×À›�è ‡à×±ò, …¯€À Æ‘—°ñÅ —°äØ€î ��¿º¨´±þÆ ƒ³ÚÅ —œÖŽòé³
‡òº°‘Å.

‡.�‘.3.1.6.
 
ƒï Šòê€î —À‘ÞÆ, ‚›�‘�Å —œ‘í—é‘¥Ñ�è, ב™ŽÆ›�è, —œ‘í�è ‡òº×íéÖ …«Ñ´°¿º¨Å
—œ‘Ö—Ò¢œÅ, —º‘ϗ㢜Å, �ê¿—º¢œÅ, ƒ€œ—Æ¢œÅ ‡òºîþº‘òé ‡¢œ›�€ã (implications)
—×俺¨´±¢ —œ‘Ö×þ° �Ï´°‘º´±—Æî, �ÜØ€î™�™ �Òî‘� ðґ� ¶íº³ …¯€À �ÖґئÖ,
ƒÜבé‘î �Ï´°‘º´±Çò ƒÆź¿º¨×³Å …¯€À �ÖÒ‘³þº‘�, �³ÚþÀ‘Ñ ˆÌ«¢—œË€� ‚�‘³þº‘Å
‡òéבì. "ÀÇÖ ÀÌ´±òþÀÖ ˆê™—�‘¯¥³", "‚�þ× ÀÇÖ …¯¨" ‡ñÅþº‘³ Ãò …¯€À
—Æòþé —�‘㿺ª¨, �°ïò �ñÀ‘ï™�¿º¨×³ …¯€ÀÆ‘Žòé³. "þœ‘Ýò —×òé‘ò" "‚�þ×
º‘¯¦Æò þ°‘íé‘ò" ‡ñÅ —º‘à³Å "þœ‘Ýò —×òé‘ò" ‡òº³ …¯€ÀÆ‘� ƒÏ™�´°‘ò, "º‘¯¦Æò
þ°‘íé‘ò" ‡òé³ …¯€À—Æî …¥òº¥ æÉÅ ‡òº€°™ �‘¯�. ƒÜבþé ˆ€îÆ »ÌÀ‘«›�€ãÉÅ
�¯¨ —�‘è�.

ƒÌ¯¥‘Å º¦—ÀË.

þÀíþ�‘è: ƒï Àì´³ Àì´³ ‡ê¹³Å ÀÍƑ׀� Šäѹ³ …ì´± ¶íºþ° …¯€À ‡òé³.
 
ˆ³: ‡Ý™˜¦Æ £‘î›�€ã ±Í—ºî, Á´€°—Æî, ‚þÌ‘»°—Àî, �´±Æ‘œ—Àî, �í»°—Àî
…«Ñ¹³ �Þ´±¥ …°Ú׳ œ‘ªœ‘´�‘Ì´±ò …¯€À—ÆñÅ �êþ×Æ‘Å ‡òº±ò.

‡.�‘.3.2.1.
 
‡ÖÒ‘ £‘î›�æÅ �‘¯¥Ö ×ÞÆ‘�¿ —ºé¿º¨×³ ‡òº±ò, �‘¯º‘î‘� £‘³ÏÚÅ �‘ª�¿º¨×°‘�
ŠÑ þµÆÃÅ …¯—¥òºþ°‘¨, �¹° þµÆÅ ƒÌª¨ÏØò ¸–ÕÀ‘�Å. ‚�þ× …¯—¥ñÅ …«ÑØ€î ‡à¿ºÚÅ,
…ªŽ¥™€�Æ‘� ŠÑ £‘î´±€î ��´±Ö —�‘¯¦Ï¿º°‘�ÚÅ þµÆÀ‘ŽÆ �¹¸–Ö Øã™�Å ‡òº³.
‡àŽòé £‘îÅ °‘þî …±Æ‘³, �‘¯º‘î‘ŽÆ £‘±Ï ºÒ …´±�€ã¿ —ºËÆþ× °‘ò ‡àÅ.
ƒÜבé‘î …´±�è »€ÝÉíé—°ïò ±Íº‘±�è þº‘òé »éâ¢� £‘î›�è ‡àÅ ‡òé³. ƒï °íþº‘°Å
þº‘òé ��¢þœª€¥�€ã �¥™Ž, þµÆ¿—º‘Ïè °ò€î ‡Üבì �‘ª¨Žòéþ°‘ �Üבþé™ �‘®Å—º‘à³
‡Ý™˜¦Æ �êÚ�è ¶ÏØ�íº´³ ‚±�´°‘Ž »é� œØ�íº´³ �¹°�´°‘� ÀÒÑ×±ò, �³—º‘à³ ‰ÆÃÅ
ÀϪ€�ÉÅ ±Í½Å ‡Ý‘³þº‘°Óò, �Ü×êÚ ƒ¿º¯»ò …¯€À ‡òì …«Ñ´°¿º¨Žòé°‘Å. ƒ³þ×
�¿—º‘Ïäò œ‘ªœ‘´�‘Ì �êÚ ‡òº³À‘Å.

‡.�‘.3.2.2.
 
…èã´€° …èãב™ �‘¯º±ò ƒÜÚ¯€À—ÆñÅ …«ÑÚ ‡àŽòé±ò, �‘¯º‘ïò �í»°›�è �ÖÒ,
ÀϪ€�, »Ì‘¹±Ø�‘ÌÅ þº‘òé€×ÉÅ �ÖÒ—×òº±ò, »éÌ‘Ö Àì´³ Àì´³ ‡êÆ¿ºª¥°‘ÇñÅ,
ÀÍƑ׀� °‘ò Šäѹ³—�‘¯þ¥ ƒÏ™�Å ‡òéבì. ±Íº‘± £‘î›�è ŠÏ�ÒÌ‘Ö ŠÏ�‘Ò´±Ö ŠÑ
¡ÝÓÖ …¥òº¥Ö °Ï—ÀïñÅ Æ‘¯¨Å ƒÖ€Ò ‡òº³. ŠÏ ×€� …´±�è —ºË³™ �‘« �Üבì´
þ°‘òé,…¯€ÀÆÖÒ‘ £‘î›�è »é×€� …´±�è ×Þ º‘Ñ™�Åþº‘³ ‡Ý‘³ ØàÅ ‡òéבì. ƒÜבì
ºÖþ×ì …´±�è ×Þ £‘îÅ þ°íìÅ—º‘à³ °‘ò þ°‘òé¿ »é �Þ¹³ Øà×°‘Ë, —º‘Ë—Æî À‘Ë×°‘Ë
Æ‘³ ƒÏ™Žòéþ°‘, °ò€î ƒÜבì ÙⴳŠ»é £‘î›�è ‡°í� ƒÖ€ÒþÆ‘ �³þ× —ÀË€À ºÆ™�Å
£‘îÅ ‡òé³.

‡.�‘.3.2.3.

ƒï ƒÜ×‘ì ‡àÅ œØ�íº …«ÑÚ�æÅ —œ‘íº¨´°º¨À‘íéÖ, �í»°›�þã ‚�þ× —º‘Ïäò
œ‘ªœ‘´�‘Ì …«ÑÚ �òì ‡ïò, �íéòì ‡òº°‘Å. �í»°´±ò �‘«Ö þ×ì, �í»°Å Øª¨ —°í—éî
‹Ñ —º‘π㠜Ø�íºÚ«ÑØíé‘Ë �‘¯º³ þ×ì ‡òº³. �‘ª�™� ƒÒ™�‘�Å ŠÑ —º‘π㠸–—Òî™
�‘«‘³ ‚�þ× �°í� ½éÚÏ—×òìÅ ½€°ÉÏ—×òìÅ ƒÏÚÏ™�è œÀ�‘ÓÆ›�ã‘� ƒÏ¿º€° …°‘žîÅ
—œË³, —×ìÅ ³–¯¦Æ‘�þ×™ �‘®Å—º‘à³ (pure stimulus) �í»°›�ã‘�¿ ºÒ º€¥´þ° �³
ƒÜØÆÖ»íì ‡òì �íº€îÇò —œ‘ÖÒ‘™�¿ º¨Å ‡òº³. ƒï ƒÜבéòê ¸–—Òî »€ÝÆ‘³ �¯¨
½éÚÏ™�€ã™ —�‘¯¨ ¶Á´°�‘Ì«À‘� ¶í�Å ½€°ÉÏ™�€ã™ �¯¨ þµÆ´€° ت¥�Ò‘³ �°ïòþé
�°€î —°ò—éî �ê׳ �í»´³ �ê׳  �ÖÒ—×òº±ò, �³þ× œ‘ªœ‘´�‘Ì …«ÑÚ ‡òº°‘Å.
—º‘Ïäïòì ت¥�Ö×°‘ŽÆ ��™�Ì«¢—œË±�è �í»°›�ã‘�, ƒÜבì ت¥�Ò‘³ —º‘Ϫ�€ãþÆ
—°í—éî �ê´°ÏÅ —ÀË™�‘¯¥Ö �í»°›�è �íé³ ‡òº°‘Å.

‡.�‘.3.2.4.
 
ƒï ƒÜ×‘ì ±Íº‘±�è ƒÖÒ‘³ œØ�íºÚ«Ñב�þ× …«Ì¿º¨Å �€î´³Å �‘ÒÚ«Ñþב¨
×Ï×±ò, �œ´°êþ× ‚°Óò —º‘ËþÆ ‡ïò, �³ÚÅ ˆí½€¥´°òì ‡òº³. �œ´³ ƒÏ×€�´³.
‹Ñ —º‘π㠸–Ò‘� ‚�þ× ƒÌª¨ÏØî°‘�™ �‘«‘³, ŠÑ ³–¯¦Æ‘�þ×™ �¯¨ »é� ºÒ×‘ì ºÒבì
°ò ��¢¡ÝÓíþ�íé ×€�ÇÖ �í»´³ Šòé‘�™�®Åþº‘³ ‡àŽòé £‘îÅ, ‡¿—º‘à³ �×ò
�¹þµÆ´€° ¸–Ò‘�™ �‘«´—°‘¥›�Žòé‘þî‘, �¿—º‘à³ ºª¨ØàÅ ‡òº³. ŠÑ �Çíê€î �Ì×À‘�™
�‘¯º‘—î‘Ï×ò, �Ç—éîþ×™ �‘®Å þº‘³ �Ì×£‘îÅ Ø๳ À‘ÆÀ‘Žòé³. �Çí€é �Ç—éî™
�‘®×°‘� �°€î ‹Ñ ¸–—Òî ƒÌª¨ÏØî°‘�™ �‘¯º°‘�Å. ƒï �Çí€é �Ç—éî™ �‘¯º‘ò,
�°€î ƒÏ´± ƒòñÅ ƒòñÅ Øœ‘Í´³ �°ïò ½€°ÉÏ™�€ã™ �¯¨™ �¯¨ �êØ€î ×ãÑ´³™
—�‘¯þ¥ —œÖÕÅ þº‘³ Ãò»Ï¹° £‘îÅ ×ãѹ³ þ×—é‘Ï ×¦Ø€î¿ —ºíêÏ™�Å. ƒÜבì
À‘ê™—�‘¯þ¥ ×ÏÅ ƒÜ×êÚ�è°‘ò ˆÌ«ØÆÓÖ �œ´°êÚ�è ‡î¿º¨Å. ƒ€× —º‘ËÆÒ —ÀËþÆ. ‚ÇñÅ
æ¹°—בòéÖÒ, —°èãêØò ‡Ö€ÒÆÖÒ, ƒòñÅ ƒòñÅ —°äÚ ×¹³—�‘¯þ¥ ƒÏ™�Å ‡òé �꿽
ƒÏ¿º±ò ƒ³ �œ´³ ‡î¿º¨Å ‡òº³.

‡.�‘.3.2.5.
 
ƒï ƒÌª¨Ï×íé £‘Öþ×°Ú«ÑØòþº‘þ°, �¹¶ÆÁòêÆ …«ÑØò �×£‘îþÀ »Ì�‘�´³ ¶í�Å
�³—º‘à³ Ÿ´° €œ°òÆÀ‘�þ× ‚òÀ‘ Øã›�×±ò, �³—º‘à³ ƒ¢—œ‘к´±í�¿ ½éź‘ŽÆ ‡ÖÒ‘
£‘î›�æÅ ¶òì ¶Òב³ þº‘°Óò, œØ�íºÚ«ÑØíé‘Ë ŽãØÆ‘™�¿º¨×°‘Ë ×ÏÅ �€î´³Å —º‘ËþÆ
‡ïò, ƒ³ÚÅ ˆí½€¥´³ �òì ‡òº³. À‘˹³ ƒÖÒ‘³ þº‘׳Å, …¥›ŽÆ¹³ …ÏÀ‘ê ¶íº³Å
ƒÖÒ‘° ×€�ÇÖ, »Ì�‘œÀ‘Ë ¶íéÕÅ �¿»Ì�‘œÀ‘Ë ¶íéÕÅ ‡òº°‘� �êÚ ƒÏ×€�ÇÖ ¶í�Å.
�×£‘îÅ »Ì�‘�´³ ¶í�, �³—º‘à³ ˆ€îÆ £‘î›�è �¿»Ì�‘œÀ‘Ë ¶í�Å . Šòì Ãò½Òî‘�
ˆ€îÆ »ò½Òî‘�—Àòº³. ƒ›� �×£‘îÅ »ò½Òî‘� ˆ€îÆ £‘î›�è Ãò½þº‘Ö Ãò½Òî‘Ž
»Ì�‘�™�´ —°‘¥›�Å ‡òº±ò �€× �í»°›�ã‘� Ø๳ �Þ¹°€× �òé‘Å. ‚�þ× �œ´°êבŽÆ
þº‘±ÕÅ  Žã™�×ÏÅ œØ�íºÚ«ÑÚ�è —º‘Ë—Æòì —ÀËþÆ ‡òº³.

‡.�‘.3.2.6.
 
ƒï ƒòñÅ ŠþÌ º¦´°‘�, �‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ �Ýòé—º‘àþ° �êÆ×ÏÅ £‘îÀ‘� �×£‘îÅ ¶íº±ò, �³
—ÀË—ÆòìÅ —º‘Ë—ÆòìÅ ˜éב̑³ þº‘�, —ÀË—Æî �Ö€Ò—Æî —�‘㙘¦Æ°‘� ¶íº³
œØ�íºÚ«ÑÚ�äò �œ´°êÚ�þã ‡òé³. �‘«¿º¨Å þµÆ¿—º‘ÏäÖ …è〰ÉÅ �ÖÒ‘°€°ÉÅ
Žã™�Å º¯½ �œ´°êÚ�ªþ� …¯—¥î, …è〰 …èãב¿ º�Ì, …¯€À—ÆòìÅ �°í� ½éź‘�
ƒÏ™�Åþº‘³ —º‘Ë—ÆòìÅ ¶ì´°¿º¨À‘Å. …¯€À—Æòì �œ´°êÚ�þã ��´þ° ƒÏ´°¿ºª¨, ˆ€îÆ
»é ƒ´°€�Æ �œ´°êÚ�þ㑨 þœÑ´± ƒÏ´± ��´±Ïè �¦Æ¿º¨Å ‡òº³. —º‘Ë—Æî™ �¯¥³
��´±Ï€ã �êÆ‘€À€Æ þº‘™�°í� …°×‘³ þº‘�, —ÀË—Æ¨×³ …°ÚÅ ‡òº³. ƒ€×þÆ
þÀíþ�‘è�ã‘� —�‘㿺ª¨ £‘î´ —°äÚ�ã‘�, À‘«êÚ�ã‘� ��´±Ï´°¿º¨Å ‡òéבì. —º‘Ë€Æ
—º‘Ë—Æî™ �‘ª¦ בⴱ¨Å —ºíê€ÀþÆ —º‘ËÇ€î —ÀË—Æî …«Ì´°¹³ ¶í�Å ‡òº³.

Äòé‘Å º¦—ÀË.

þÀíþ�‘è:  …¥òº¥‘þ°‘€ÌÉÅ …¥òºª¨ ¶í�¢ —œËÉÅ ×ò€À …¯€À™þ� …¯—¥òº³.

ˆ³: ‡ÖÒ‘Ñ ��´³Å …¯€À€ÆþÆ™ �‘«þׯ¨Å ‡ñÅ þת€� ƒÆÖº‘�þ×
…¯—¥òº±ñÅ, …¯€À—Æ¨×³ �€î×Ï™�Å —º‘³×‘î—בòé‘Ë —º‘³ØÆ´þ°‘¨ ±�â׳
‡òº±ñÅ.

‡.�‘.3.3.1.

‡ÖÒ‘ À‘¹°Ñ�æÅ ˆ°‘×þ°‘Ñ ×€�ÇÖ �‘¯¥Ö —œË×±î‘þÒþÆ …«ÑÚ —ºíì �°ïò �¦¿º€¥Æ‘�
ºíºÒ —œÆÖ�€ã¢ —œËŽòéîÑ. ƒÜבì �‘¯º°€î´³Å  ¸–í�ã‘�þ× �êØÖ ±�Ý, �€×
ƒÏª¨ÏØÖ ½éÚÏØ€î™ �‘ª¦ ½€°ÉÏÚ¯—¥î ¶ì´³×±ò, �°€î �êÆ‘³ ±€�™�Å À‘¹°Ñ �°í�
ÄÒÀ‘� °òî�´þ° �êÆ‘€À ƒÏè —œê¹±Ï¿º€°ÉÅ …«Ñ¹°×Ñ�ã‘� ‡àŽòéîÑ. �êÆ‘€À ƒÏè
��´±Ï¹³Å �°€î …«Ì‘±Ï¹³ �³—º‘à³°‘ò …«Ñ°Óò, �°€î ÿ™�בò þׯ¦ ºÒ …´±�€ã¿
—ºË³ �°€î¿ þº‘™�ÚŠ؀Ý×Ñ ‡òº°‘Å. ƒŒ³ ‡°î‘þÒ‘—×ïò, ‡ÖÒ‘ À‘¹°Ñ ��´³Å Ãòîêב�
�×£‘î¤ ±�â×±ò, �°€î ÀŽàÅþº‘³ ‡ÜØ° �¤£‘îØÏæÅ ��´±Ì‘³ ‡òìÅ
…«Ñ¹±Ï¿º±î‘þÒþÆ ‡òº³. ‡ÖÒ‘ ‚òÀ‘™�æÅ ƒ°ïò œ°œ´³ ‡î¿º¨Å. �œ´°êÚ�ã‘�¿ ºÒ
ÀŽàÅ �þ°—º‘à³ ƒ°í� þ×é‘� œ´°êÚ …¯—¥ñÅ …«Ñþב¨ ±�â×±ò ƒÜבì. œ´°êב׳
‚òÀ‘Øò ��´þ° �×£‘îþÀ £‘îÀ‘� »Ì�‘œÀ‘� Ÿ¥ÏÅ þº‘³  ‡àŽòé �êב�Å.

‡.�‘.3.3.2.
 
�×£‘î´€°¿ ºíêÆ Ãòñ«ÑÚ ‡ÖÒ‘Ñ ��´±ÕÅ ˆí�îþ× ƒÏ™�, —°äב�Å �ê—×Ò‘Å
�×£‘îþÀ‘ �Ö€ÒþÆ‘—×î žÑ³–™Ž¿ º‘Ñ™�Å ƒÆֽŠ�€î×Ï™�Å …¯—¥òº³. ƒ³þ× —ÀË—Æòì
þ°Ñ¹³ ��´±Ï´³×°í�Å —º‘Ë—Æòì æ´³ ØÒ™�°í�Å ˆ³×‘� �€ÀŽòé³. Æ‘³ �×£‘î¿
»Ì�‘œ´þ°‘¨ Š´³ ¶íŽòéþ°‘ �³ —ÀË—Æ¥, »é �ÖÒ°‘Ž ÙâŽòé³. ƒÜבì �¯¦°
¶€ÒÇÖ �‘«¿º¨Å �×£‘î´ —°äÚ�è, �‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ¥ò ×Ï×±ò, �œ´°êÚ ‡îÚÅ ºª¨, �×£‘îþÀ
£‘îÀ‘� »Ì�‘�™�Åþº‘³ ‡àŽòé œ´°êØïòì þ×캨´°¿º¨Žòé³ ‡òéבì. �×£‘î´±í�
ØþÌ‘°À‘� �ÖÒ‘° Ÿª¨«ÑÚ �œ´°êÚ ‡î¿º¥, �×£‘îþÀ £‘îÀ‘� Ÿ¥ÑŽòéþº‘³ ‡àŽòé
Ÿª¦�¹° �êÚ œ´°êÚ ‡òº°‘Å.

‡.�‘.3.3.3.
 
ƒÜØÆÖ½ ‡ÖÒ‘ À‘¹°Ñ�æ™�Å ƒÆÖº‘�þ× …ÍÆ—°òº±ò, ‡ÖÒ‘Ñ ��´±ò  �×£‘î Ãòñ«ÑÚ
…¯—¥òº±ò, �³þ× —ÀË—Æòì Šòê€î™ —�‘èã´  °Ï×±ò, �€î×Ñ …è㴳Š—ÀË—Æòº±ò
ƒÒ™�«Å, —ÀË—Æòé‘Ö Æ‘³ ‡òº€°º¿ ºíêÆ �êÚ þº°Àíé ¶€ÒÇÖ …¯—¥òº³. —ÀËÇò
ƒÒ™�«Å �€î×Ï™�Å —º‘³×‘Ɨבòì, ‡ÖÒ‘ þº°›�€ãÉÅ �¥¹³ ¶í�Å Šòì ‡òº°‘Å.
ƒ°î‘Ö °‘Å°‘Å þ°‘íìØ™�Å �í»°™ �Ï™�ã‘þÒþÆ …¥òº¥‘€À ¶ÒÚ—Àî, Æ‘›� ƒÜבé‘î
�í»°›�€ã¿þº‘™Ž, …è〰 …èãב™�‘®Å ±éñ¯þ¥‘ ‚›—�Ò‘Å …¯€À™� …¥òº¨Å ±éñÅ
…¯—¥òº³.

‡.�‘.3.3.4.
 
�µ‘±þÆ ��´³¢ Ÿ¥Ñ™—�‘¯¦Ï™�Å �×£‘î´€°¿ºíêÆ Ãòñ«Ñþ×, þ°‘òìÅ �êÚ�€ã—ÆÖÒ‘Å
—ÀË—ÆòìÅ —º‘Ë—ÆòìÅ Øþ׎´°í�™ �‘Ì«À‘� ƒÏ™�, °íþº‘° —œÏ™Žò ƒÜ×‘ì ƒÆ›�‘³,
…¯€À—Æòì Šòê€î ¶ì´°™˜¦Æ �ã€×�è ƒ³þ× ‡î™ —�‘¯¨ ŠÏ×ò ב±™�, ƒ´°€�Æ
�ã€×�è �€î´³Å �í»°›�þã—Æî, �×íêí� �€î×Ì‘ÕÅ ‹Åº™˜¦Æ —º‘³ØÆÅ ƒò—éòº³.
ƒ°ïò …¯€ÀÆ‘� …¥òºª¨ Š´³¿þº‘°Ö µ¥×‘³þº‘Å. …¥òºª¥‘Ì‘�¿ ºÒÑ ‡à¹°þº‘±ÕÅ, ŠþÌ
×€�Æ‘î ÀÆ™�´±ò �‘Ì«À‘� ƒÜÚ¥òº‘¨ ‡òº±ò, ¶òì ¶Òב³ �‘ÒÅ ×ÏÅþº‘³ ØàÅ ‡òéבì.
°íþº‘°¢ —œÏ™Žò �í»°›�ã‘� ‡€× ‡€× ‡àŽòéîþב, …¯€À—Æî ¶òéþº‘±ÕÅ ��´þ°
�×£‘îÅ »Ì�‘œÀ‘� ¶í�´—°‘¥›� �€× þºË´þ°Ñ þº‘Ò ƒÖÒ‘³ þº‘Å ‡òéבì.

‡.�‘.3.3.5.
 
ƒï �µ¹¶Æ¿º‘Ñ€×Çò þº‘³ »Ì�‘œÀ‘Ë ¶í�Å �×£‘îÅ �€î×Ï™�Å —º‘³×‘ŽÆ ¶€ÒÇÖ �°ò
‚òÀÚ«ÑבŽÆ œ´°êÚ �€î×Ì‘ÕÅ …¥òº¥™˜¨×þ° ‚ÇñÅ �µ¹¶Æ¿º‘Ñ€×Çò ‡à×—°òº±ò.
Š´±ª¨ …¥òº¥€×™�Å —º‘³ØÆ›�è ƒÖ€Ò—Æïò, ƒ™˜íì —º‘Ϲ³×±Ö€Ò ‡òº°‘Å. �¹¶Æ¿
º‘Ñ€×™� ƒÒ™�‘�Å �€î´³Å �ÆÒ°‘Ë ‚›þ� ƒÏ¿º°‘Ë ¶íº±ò, �€î×Ï™�Å �‘«×ÏÅ
ŠòþéÆ‘Å. ƒÜ×‘ì ƒÏ¿»ñÅ �‘ª��è —×íþ×é‘�þ× ¶í�Å þº‘³ Š´°™ �‘ª� …±Æ‘—°ïò, �³ÚÅ
ˆí½€¥´°òì. ‡›þ� ‹Ñ —º‘Ïè °ò€îþÆ °òñèäϹ³ ‡Üבì �‘ª¦ÆÏèŽòéþ°‘ �Üבþé
��´—°à ‡ÖÒ‘Ø° �í»°›�€ãÉÅ þº‘™Ž™ �‘®Å—º‘à³, �‘ª��æÅ Šòé‘Ž �°ïò Š´³¿þº‘Ë
…¥òº¥ÕÅ —ÀËÆ‘�Å ‡òéבì.

‡.�‘.3.3.6.
 
ƒï Š´°™�‘ª�Çò, …¯€À—ÆñÅ …«ÑØò Š´³¿þº‘Ë …¥òº¥Ö ‡ÖÒ‘Ñ ��´³Å …¯—¥ïò,
Š´³¿þº‘�‘³ …¥òº¥‘³ º€�€À º‘Ì‘ª¦ þº‘Ì‘¥ÕÅ …ÒŽÖ ˆò �‘«¿º¨Žòé—°ïò, ��´³ �òþé
¶í�Å �×£‘îÅ Ÿ¥Ì—בª¥‘³ °€�™�Å À‘Ò¢œ´±�è ƒÏ¿º°‘Ö ‡òéê�. Ÿª¨«Ñב� ¶íŽòé
‚òÀ×ê€× Øœ‘ÒÀ‘™Ž ØÍ´³ ¸®™Ž ºÌÀ‘™�Å �×£‘î „Ñ¿»í� ˆ³×‘�, ƒÜ×ê€× ƒòñÅ
ƒòñÅ �ìŽÆ°‘™Ž �íêî°‘™Ž �€éº¨´± �€°´³ �Þ´³ ƒÖÒ‘³ þº‘™�Å œ´±�æÅ �µ‘±þÆ
‚òÀ‘™�äò …èã´±Ö ƒÏ™Žòé³. ‡›þ� �×£‘î´±ò ÃòîêÚ ƒÜבé‘î À‘Ò¢œ´±ÇÖ
À€é¿½¯¨ þº‘Žòéþ°‘, �³—º‘à³ °íþº‘°¢ þœª€¥�æÅ �°ò×Þ �í»° �ã€×�æÅ »éÚÅ ‡à¹³
º€�€À ×ãÑ´³ þº‘Ì‘ª¥´€° Á�™�Å ‡òéבì. �×£‘îÃòñ«ÑÚ °€Ò¿º¥, …¯€À™�´
°€Ò׫›Ž¢ —œÖÕÅ À³€�ÉÅ …¥ò ×ÏÅ.

µ‘ò�‘Å º¦—ÀË.

þÀíþ�‘è:  ƒï Æ‘›� …¯€À—ÆñÅ …«Ñþב, ‚›� �휴±¿ º±Ú …¯—¥òº³.
 
ˆ³: ��´±Ï™�Å ±Í½Ú«ÑÚ�è, ‰Æ¿º‘¨�è, Á´Æ‘± £‘î›�è þº‘™�¿ºª¨ —°èãêØò
»Ì�‘œ £‘îÅ Ÿ¥Ñ¹—°Í°Óò.

‡.�‘.3.4.1.
 
�휴± ‡òº³ �Ï—ã‘äÆ‘�Å. ��´³ �¤£‘îÇπ㠽鴱π㿠þº‘™�Å º�Ò×—îî
þº‘™�°Óò, �³ Šä—Æª¥³. ºíºÒ …´±�è —ºË³ »é� Š³›Ž œ‘ª�À‘´±€ÌÆ‘Ë —œË±´³×Å
�Ýòì ¶í�, °‘þî —×¦¿º±ò �Ï—ãª¥³. �´—°ïñÅ £‘î—×‘ä ‡ïñÅ Šòþé. ƒÜבì
��´³ Ž¥™�Å ±Í½«ÑÚ�æÅ, ‰Æ¿º‘¨�æÅ, »é »é À±ÀÆ™�›�æÅ —°ä×íé ¶€ÒÇÖ ‚òÀ‘€×
Ùâ´°, �°ïòì بº¨Å ×€�Æ‘ò ‚òÀ‘ ºíºÒ ¸–Õ´±�€ã¿ —ºË³ ÃÆÒ, �³—º‘à³ °�¹°
…´±�€ã¿ —ºË±Ï¿»ò ƒ¢�휴± ��´—°à¹³ ÀÆ™�›�€ãÉÅ, ±Í½�€ãÉÅ, ‰Æ¿º‘¨�€ãÉÅ ÿ™Ž
—°í—éî ƒŒ³ ƒ³þ× ‡òé×‘ì ŠÏ—º‘Ïè Šíì€À™—�‘ã´ °¹³ ¶í�Å. ƒ´°€�Æ À‘«êØò
£‘î¿»Ì�‘œþÀ �×£‘î¿»Ì�‘œ´þ°‘¨ ØþÌ‘°Áòê ¶íº±ò, …¯€À ‡ñÅ …«Ñ€×ÉÅ þ°íê
€×™�Å ‡òº³.

‡.�‘.3.4.2.
 
ƒ°ïò ‹Ñ �êÚ �´°‘¹°À‘� ‡à¹³ Ÿ¥Ñ°Óò, �°ïò �㿺ÍÆ ŠÑ …ì±ÉÅ »é™�Å ‡òº³.
ƒ³þ× …¯€À ƒ°í� Ãò»Ï¹°³Å ƒ°í�¿ ½éź‘î³Å …¯€ÀÆÖÒ ‡òé×‘ì ƒ¹° £‘î¿»Ì�‘œÅ
��´þ° …«Ñ´± ¶íº±ò, ƒÜבé‘î ÀîÚì± »é™�Å ‡òº³. ³¬¹³ "ƒ³ ƒíì" ‡òéבì
»éÏ™�Å …«Ñ´± —°äÆ º¨´³Å ±é€î ƒ³þ× µÖ�Å ‡òéבì . ‡›þ� ‰Æ¿º‘þ¥‘, ÀÆ™�þÀ‘
�°ïò ‡à  �Ò™�þÀ‘, ‚›þ� ƒ³þ× �´°‘¹°Å ‡òé ³¬½ ƒÖ€Ò—Æòº±ò, »éÏ™� �°€î
…«Ñ´³Å °ì�¯€ÀÉÅ ‡Ý‘³þº‘Å ‡òéבì. �´°‘¹°´ ³¬Ú �휴±¿º±Øî‘Ö ‡à×—°òº³.
��´³ ÀÒÀ‘Ÿ™�è �¯¦™�¿ºª¨ ÿ™�¿º¥, ƒ¢�´°‘¹°´ ³¬½ ‡òº³.

‡.�‘.3.4.3.
 
ƒï ƒ°ïò Šòê€î¿ »€ÝÆé ½Í¹³—�‘èãÖ —ÀËÆ‘�—Àòé³. ‡›þ� þµÆ¿—º‘Ï—ã‘òì ¸–Ò‘�
‡à¹³ ½éÚÏþב¨ œÀ�‘Ó� ½€°ÉÏØ€îÉÅ �‘ª¦ ¶íŽòéþ°‘, �°€î¿½Í¹³—�‘èãÖ ‡òº³
¶Á´°�‘Ì«¿ ½€°ÉÏ€× »€ÝÆé™�¯¨, ½éÚÏØò ±é´±€î  �ê¹³ ÀŽâ×°‘�Å. �³—º‘à³
�°€î¿ºíêÆ �êÆ‘€À ‹Ñ �€é ÿ™�Óò, �°€î¿ ½Í¹³—�‘¯þ¥‘Å ‡òé …«ÑÚÅ …±™Žòé³.
�Ïב� À€é¹³ ¶òé ¶Á´°�‘Ì«¿ ½€°ÉÏ€× �휴±¿º±þ× …è—ã‘ä¿ —ºÏ™Ž …«Ì´ °Ï°Óò,
ƒ´°€�Æ ¸–Õ´±�äò þº‘³ —ÀËÆ‘�Å �휴±¿ º±Ú ½Í¹³—�‘¯¨ �鿺°í� ˆ³×‘�
¶íŽòé—°òº°‘Å. ½ÍÚ �ÖÒ³ —°ÍÚ ‡òº³ Šòêò À€é¿½™�€ã¿ þº‘™Ž —°í—éî �ê°Ò‘Ö ×ÏÅ
…«ÑÚ ‡òº³.

‡.�‘.3.4.4.
 
ƒï ƒ°ïò ƒÜבé‘î �휴±¿ º±Ú�è, ��´±Ö Ãòñ«Ñב�þ× Ÿ¥Ñ¹³ —�‘¯¦Ï™�Å
�×£‘î´€° ƒòñÅ ƒòñÅ Ÿ¥Ì¢—œË³, �°ïò º™�×´±Ö …ÆÌÚÅ º¨´³Å ‡òéבì. ‡òìþÀ ŠþÌ
º¦´°‘�, �òþé Ÿ¥Ñ¹³ —�‘¯¦Ï¿º°‘ŽÆ �×£‘îÅ ‹Ñ ‚òÀ‘Øò ��´³ þÀ�Ī¥›�ã‘Ö
°€�™�¿ºª¥ º�Ò×€î¿ þº‘òì, Ÿ¥Ñ¹³Å Ÿ¥Ì‘þ° Ž¥™�Å. �³—º‘à³ �휴±¿ º±Ú�è —ÀËÆ‘�
�ê³ �ê°‘� ƒ¹° þÀ�Ī¥›�€ã¿ þº‘òé ÀÒÀ‘Ÿ™�€ã ��íé, �×£‘îÅ ��´þ° ƒòñÅ ƒòñÅ
—°äב�¢ Ÿ¥ÏÅ ‡òº³. ŠÑ ‚òÀ‘Øò º™�×ÃÅ, ��´³ �×£‘î¿»Ì�‘œÅ ‡¹° �ãØí� —°ä¹³
Ÿ¥ÑŽòéþ°‘, �°€î Šª¦þÆ �€À×—°òº±ò, ƒ¿»Ì�‘œÅ ˜¦×Ì, �°ïò º™�×ÃÅ ˜¦×ÏÅ ‡òº³.
�à™�¿º¦¹° ‹Ñ º¦�´±ò �à™��€ã¿ þº‘™Ž Ÿ´°À‘™Ž¥, �³ ØàÅ �±Ñ�€ã ƒòñÅ �鿺‘�
…Áâ׳ þº‘òì, ƒ³—×ò�. ‚òÀ‘—×ñÅ º¦�´€° Ÿ´°¤—œËÉÅ œ×Ñ™�‘ÌÅ ƒ¹° �휴±¿ º±þ×
‡òº³. �°ïò ‚òÀ‘™�äò º™�× Ã±Ñ¢�™� ˆ³×‘Ƴ ƒ³þ× ‡òé³.

‡.�‘.3.4.5.
 
ƒï ƒÜבé‘î �휴±¿ º±Øò ��´±Ïè ÿ›Ž¥, �³—º‘à³ —ÀËÆ‘î™ �íéÖ µ€¥—ºìŽòé³
‡òº³À‘Å. ŠÑ �í»°´±ÓϹ³ ƒò—î‘Ï �í»°´±í�¢ —œÖ׳, ÀÆ™�´±í ºª¨ ƒòñÅ ƒòñÅ
ÀÆ›ŽþÆ¢ —œÖ×°‘�Å. �í»°›�è �€î´³Å �×£‘î Ãòñ«ÑØ€î ½€°´³ °íþº‘°þœª€¥�äò
‚×—°òº±ò, …èã´€° …èãב™ �‘®¹ ±é´þ°‘¨ —œÖÒ‘° ‚òÀØ€î�ã‘Å. ‚�þ× ‰Æ¹±Í½
Á´€°Æ‘± þº‘òé »€ÝÆêÚ�€ã ÿ™�‘³, ‚�þ× ��´þ° �×£‘îÅ ƒòñÅ ƒòñÅ Ÿ¥Ì¢—œËÆ‘³
þº‘�Óò, �í»° œ¤œ‘ÌþÀ °Øé �íéÖ �òì ‡òº°‘Å. �í»° œ¤œ‘Ì›�è �´°À‘€Æ�äÖ Ùâ´±
Ùâ´± —°äÚ™ �‘«‘×€�ÇÖ º¨´±, ŠÏ×€î þ×°‘¹±Æ‘™Ž …Òþ� À‘€Æ ‡òì ‡¯«¢ —œË³,
…Ò�´—°‘¥™ŽòþÀÖ ‹Ñ �¢œ´€°™ —�‘¯¨×ÏÅ ‡òº³. ƒ´°€�Æ �í»°›�€ã™ þº‘™�, …èã´€°
…èãב™�¯¨ ‚±�´°‘�´ þ°‘òì×î×í€é �¹°�´°‘�™ �¯¨ �íì —°ä¹³ —œÖþבò ƒ°ïò
�´°‘¹±Æ‘Ž �×£‘î´±òº‘Ö †Ë×ò ‡òº³.

‡.�‘.3.4.6.

—ÀËÇ€î —ÀË—Æî™ �‘¯º°í�Å —º‘ËÇ€î —º‘Ë—Æî™ �¯¨ �¦°í�Å ƒ¢�휴± º±þ× �‘Ì«À‘�
ƒÏ¿º±ò, ƒ³þ× …¯€À Æ‘—°òì …«Ñ´³Å �×À‘îÅ ‡òº³. ��´³ ‹Ìãþ×¢ Ÿ¥ÏÅ �×£‘îÅ
ƒòñÅ ƒòñÅ Ÿ¥Ñ¹³ ��´€° �×À‘™� …°Ú°ÓñÅ, þÀÕÅ …¯€À Æ‘—°òì …«Ñ´±þÆ —œÖ×±ñÅ
ƒŒ³ �×À‘îÅ ‡î¿º¨Žòé³. ƒ¢�×À‘îÅ ‡ÖÒ‘Ñ ��´³Å ˆí�îþ× …¯¨, �íì �êÆþׯ¨Å
ŠòéÖÒ. ƒ¢�×À‘î´€° ¶ì´³×°‘� ‡Üב�ÃÅ ‡¢ŸÏ±ÉÅ ‡¤ £‘ïÉÅ ƒÖ€Ò. �íº ‚€œ�äÖ
Ùâ¹³ �¯�€ã �›�Á›�Å �€ÒÆت¨ ±Í°Óò, ��´þ° ƒÏ¹³Å ƒŒ³ �êÆ¿º¥‘° —בòé‘�™
Ž¥™Žòé³.  ƒÜבé‘î¿ þº‘™€�´ °¨´³ °î³ —œÆÖ�€ã �°í� �¦¿º€¥Æ‘� ¶íŽòé °î³
�êÚ�€ãþÆ �¯¨  ¸–Ò‘™Ž ½éÚÏ™�þ㑨 ×ÏÅ ½€°ÉÏ™�€ã™ �‘«, �×À‘î´±ò …¯€À
—°ÍÆ×ÏÅ. �°ïò »é À‘î›�è ‡ÖÒ‘Å �×À‘î›�ã‘� �Ï°¿ºª¨ —°‘€Ò™�¿º¨Å ‡òéבì.

‰¹°‘Å º¦—ÀË

þÀíþ�‘è:  �‘«¿º¨×—°ÖÒ‘Å �‘ª¥¿º¨×°‘�, ‡Üבì �‘ª¥¿º¨Žòéþ°‘ �Üבþé »€ÝÇòê
�‘®€�Çíé‘ò …¯€À ‡ñÅ …«ÑÚ …±™�Å ‡òº³.
 
ˆ³:  °íþº‘°Å þº‘™Ž �×þº‘°´±í� ‚ã‘�Åþº‘þ°, …¯€À ‡òé …«ÑÚ …±¿º±ò.

‡.�‘.3.5.1
 
‰Å—º‘ê�è ƒÏ¹°‘ÕÅ, �×í€é …¥Å»ò …èäϹ³Å —×äÇϹ³Å ºÖþ×ì إƛ�è °‘™Žî‘ÕÅ,
�×íêÖ �Ò×í€éƑ׳ ºíê "ƒ³ ƒòî³" ‡òéבì �‘«Ö, ÀÖÒ‘°þº‘³ —ÀËÆ‘�‘³
þº‘Žòé³. ½é´±þÒ ‰Å½Òò�ã‘Ö …«Ì×ÏÅ ×€�ÇÖ ŠÑ —º‘π㠶촳׳Å, �´þ°‘¨ �€ÀÆ‘³
ºÖþ×ì À�€ã ��´þ°¿ º¥Ì €×´³ �¿—º‘π㿠ºíê �³þ×´ °‘î‘� ¶í�À‘ì º¨´± �°ïò
�¿—º‘π㙠�‘®À‘ì —œË׳ ‚òÀ‘™�è —œËÉÅ �½´±¾Ñ×Ø€î ‡òº±ò, ƒ´°€�Æ¿
—º‘Ϫ�—ãÖÒ‘Å �‘ª¥¿º¨×îבÇíì. œ‘™ŽÌ‘×´€°ÇÖ ŠÑ ‚òÀ‘€× ƒÏ´³×³Å �³—º‘à³ ��´þ°
ºÒ †™�›�€ã´ °¹³ ‰Å—º‘ê�ª�¿º¨Å —º‘Ϫ�€ã¿ ºíê¢ œ‘ѹ³ �³þ×´ °‘î‘Ž ¶í�À‘ì º±Æ
€×´³ �°ïò �¿—º‘Ï€ã ÀíŽòé †™�´±í� ˆíº �‘«´°Ï׳ �½´±¿¾Ñ× Ø€î�ã‘Ö
‚�×±ò, ƒÜ×‘ì ƒÜ××´€°ÇÖ �‘«¿º¨×—°ÖÒ‘Å �‘ª¥¿º¨×þ°Æ‘Çíì.

‡.�‘.3.5.2.
 
ƒï ƒÜבé‘î �‘¯¥Ö Ø€î�è þœ¦™�¿º¨×°í� ÄÒ�‘Ì«À‘� ƒÏ¿º³ �×£‘î Ãòñ«ÑÚÅ,
�¹° �×£‘î´€° ƒòñÅ �鿺‘� ��´³ Ÿ¥ÌØ¥þׯ¨Å ‡ñÅ ƒÆÖº‘îþ×‘Ñ þת€�ÉÀ‘�,
�×þº‘°´±ò �‘Ì«À‘�þ× ƒÜ×‘ì ‚òÀ‘™�€ã™ �‘«¿º¨´³×°‘�Å. �°ïò �‘ª¦í€é �‘ª¦Æב™
�‘«, ƒ¢�×£‘î´þ°‘¨ ØþÌ‘±¿º³ �ÖÒ—×òº±ò,  …¯€À ‡ñÅ …«ÑÚ …±™�Å. ƒ°í�Å ½éź‘�
°î³ º‘Ñ€× ƒÜבì �½´±¾Ñ×À‘� þœ¦™�¿º¨×€° …«Ì‘³Å, …«Ñ¹³Å �°€î �ñÀ±Æ‘³Å
°íþº‘° þœª€¥�ª� ‚ã‘Ž, �í»°›�ã‘� ºíºÒ º€¥´³ …¯—¥î …«Ñ´°¿ºª¥ —בò€é
"ƒŒ³ ƒòî³" ‡òéבì Ø�í»´³ �¯¨ ÀŽâ×Ñ ‡òº³. ƒÜ×‘ì —œËÆ, �‘ª¦Æב™ �‘«‘³ °î³
ØÏ¿»ò ºíºÒ º€¥´³¿ º€¥´³™ �‘¯º±ò, —º‘Ï毀À �êÆב̑³ þº‘Å ‡òéבì. �í»°›�è
�€î´³Å �íº€î�þã ‡òî, ŠÑ —º‘Ïäò œ‘ªœ‘´�‘ÌÀ‘ŽÆ ƒÆÖ»€î �‘«´°Ì‘³ þ×—é‘òé‘�þ×™
�¯¨ ÀŽâ´ °ÏÅ ‡òº³.

‡.�‘.3.5.3.
 
ƒï —œ‘¿ºî‘×´€°�äò þº‘³ —º‘ê½Òò�€ã ºÆòº¨´°‘³ þ×—é‘Ï ¶€ÒÇÖ �‘«¿º¨Å
�îÚ�æÅ, �‘ª¥¿º¨×þ°Æ‘Å. °ò¶€î¿½ ƒÝ¹³ ½´±¾Ñ×À‘�ÚÅ �½´±¿¾Ñ×À‘�ÚÅ �îÚ�è
�‘¯º³ ƒÖ€Ò—Æî, �îÚ�è …±¿º±ò þÀÕÅ �°ò º¯»ÕÅ ‚òÀ‘Øí� ‡ÜØ° ‚ª�ÉÅ
ƒÖÒ‘³þº‘�, ƒ³ �‘ª¥¿º¨×þ°Æ‘Å. ƒï ƒ›� �îÚ�€ã �‘ª¦Æבì �‘¯º°‘׳, �ê—À‘ÞÆ‘�
½€°ÉÏØÖ À€é£‘îÅ Šòì …«Ñ´°¿º¥, �¯¥ �î€× ¶€îØÖ ƒÏ´± ��´±Æ™�€ÒÇÖ —ºÆÑ´³
ƒòî—º‘Ïè ƒ™�îÚ …«Ñ´³Žòé³ ‡òì —ºÆÑ´³ �ê×°‘�Å (interpretation) ƒÜ×‘ì —ºÆÑ™�‘³,
ºé¿º³ þº‘Ö ×Ì �Üבþé °òî‘Ö —œËÆæÉÅ ‡òì º�Ñ°ÕÅ, ØϪœ—À‘òì þºÆ‘�, þºË�è
…¯—¥î µÅ½×³Å, ŠÑ —º¯ º‘ź‘� ±ÍÆ ƒ³—×ÖÒ‘Å �´³ Ø€ãÆ‘ª¨™�è, ±¿»Æ›�è ‡òì µÅ»
À°À‘¢œÍÆ´±ò (magic) ØÝÕÅ, �‘ª¦Æ³ �‘ª¦Æבì �‘¯º°ÖÒ ‡òº³. �îØ€î™ �¯¨ �°€î
µ¦™� ÃÆÖ°Ö »€Ý—Æî, �°€î ��´±Æ™�€ÒÇò —ºÆѹ³ �ê°þÒ …¯€À€Æ™ �‘¯ ×ÞÆ‘�Å.
��´±Æ™�€ÒƑ׳ ŠÑ �òîÀ‘�, ½Ì‘«ÚÏØ°‘�, ŠÑ �´³Ø€ãÆ‘ª¥‘� �‘¯»™�¿º¨×€°¿ —ºÆÑ´³
—º‘êÓÆ¿º‘Ñ€×™� ×ÏÅ …Ò�¶�â¢��þ㑨 —º‘Ϲ± —º‘Ï趀Ҵ —°ä×°‘�Å.

‡.�‘.3.5.4.
 
ƒï Ÿà´± �×´€°Æ‘׳, ŸÞÃ€î µ‘¦¢—œÒØîÑ —œÖÕÅ �îÚ�ª�Å ƒòñÅ ‚ÝÀ‘î
£‘î±Ïª¦ÇÖ À¹±ÌÚÒŽò ½Ì‘«ÚÏ™�€ãþÆ™ �¯¨ ºíºÒ ±ÏØ€ãÆ‘¥Ö�€ã �´³Ø€ãÆ‘¥Ö�€ã
½Ì‘«µ‘¥�›�ã‘�™ �‘¯º°‘�Å. —°Ë×צכ�è ƒÜ×€� �×´€°�äþÒþÆ ¶°ÑœîÀ‘�™ �‘«×ÏÅ
ƒï ƒÜ×€�  �‘ª��æÅ �îÚ�è þº‘òé—בòé‘� �‘ª¥¿ º¥þ× ‚òÀ‘™�ã‘Ö �‘«¿º¨×±ò,
ƒ×í€éÉÅ �‘¯Žòéþº‘³ —º‘êÓÆ™�‘ª��þ㑨 þ×캨´±, ��´±Æ™�€ÒÇò …´±�ª —ºË³
—ºÆÑ´þ° …¯€À�€ã �êÆþׯ¨Å ‡òº³.  �×—ºÏÀ‘î‘� ƒ€é×ò þ°‘òê œ›�‘Ì´°‘¯¥×À‘¦
ÿ½Ì¤ —œíéîò ‡òì �‘ª�ÇÖ ��¿ºª¥×‘þé  �¯¨ �°í�þÀí—œÖÒ‘³ ¶í»ò, �³ �‘ª¥¿º¨×€°
�‘ª¦Æב™ �‘«Ö �ÖÒ. �°€î¿ —ºÆÑ´³ ƒ¿½Ì‘«™�Ï´°‘ŽÆ ÿ½ÌÅ ‡òº³ …¯€ÀÇÖ
ÃÅÀÒ™�‘ÍÆÅ, �°€î´ °‘ò ƒ€é×ò ºÖþ×ì ²™€��è ×Þ �Þ´³™—�‘¯¦Ï™Žòé‘ò ‡òì
��´±Æ™ �€ÒÇò —ºÆѹ³ ½Í¹³—�‘è×þ° ƒ›� �‘ª¦Æב™ �‘«Ò‘�Å.

‡.�‘.3.5.5.
 
ƒï ³ÍƑ״€°Çò þº‘³, þº—Ì‘ä ƒÌØÀ± צØÖ �Ϫ»Ì�‘œ¿ —ºÏ¤þœ‘± ×¦× °Íœî›Žª¥,
�°€î™ �¯¨ ƒ³þ× ƒ€é×î³ °í—œ‘кÅ, ‚� ƒ€é×ò …¯€ÀÇÖ ºÌ¿»ÌÀÅ, Šä צØîò ‚�þ×
½Ì‘«×¦×›�äÖ ºÒ —°Ë×›�ã‘� ×Ï×—°ÖÒ‘Å —º‘Ë ‡òì ³¬¹³ þ×°‘¹°Å º�Ñ°ÕÅ
�‘ª¥¿º¨×€° �‘ª¦Æב™ �‘¯º°ÖÒ ‡òéבì. —œ‘¿ºî‘×´€°ÇÕÅ Ÿà´± �×´€°ÇÕÅ ºÖþ×ì
½Ì‘«ÚÏ™�äÖ °ò€î™ �‘ª¦ÆÏæÅ �þ° ƒ€é×ò, ƒ›� �×í€é—ÆÒ‘Å �¥¹° ŠäצØÖ
�‘ª¦ÆÏè׳, À°¿ºíì™�€ã ²Ë´³ ‚òÀ‘™�€ã œÀÆ‘²° ¶€Ò™� …ÆÑ°þÒ ‡¯«, �Üבþé
ƒ´³ÍÆ™�‘ª��€ã …«Ñ¹³ —°ä×þ° �‘ª¥¿º¨×€° �‘ª¦Æב™ �‘«Ö ‡òº³.

‡.�‘.3.5.6.
 
ƒï ƒÜ×‘ì œ‘™ŽÌ‘×´€°�äÖ À€éÆ‘�™ Ž¥¿º€°ÉÅ, —œ‘¿ºî‘×´€°�è þº‘òé »é
�×´€°�äÖ ×Ï×î×í€é ��´±Æ™�€Ò ºÇòì —ºÆÑ´³´ —°ä°þÒ �×í€é¿ ½Í¹³—�‘èãÖ
‡òº°‘�, �³—º‘àþ° ƒòñÅ ƒòñÅ ��´þ° Ž¥™�Å �êÆ‘€À —�¨™�¿ºª¨, �êÚ ƒòñÅ ƒòñÅ
»Ì�‘�´³ Ÿ¥ÏÀ‘ì —œËÆ¿º¨Å ‡òº³. ƒÜ×‘ì ºÖþ×ì �×´€°�äò ×Þ �‘«×Ϻ×í€é »€ÝÆé
…«Ñ¹³ —°ä°Óò ×Ï×þ°, —ÀË�¯¥‘Ñ þº‘íìÅ ƒÒ‘¥´þ° ‰¹³ �×´€° ‡Ë°Ò‘�Å.
ƒÒ‘¥´°‘îÀ‘׳ —°èã´—°ä¹° �êØò ƒ¥À‘�Å, �×£‘îÅ ��´þ° Ÿ¥ÏÅ ƒ¥À‘�Å. ƒÜבì
—œÖÒ¢—œÖÒ Ã¦ØÖ ³ÍÆ‘²° �×´€° —ÀËÆ‘Ž, �°ïò �µ¹¶ÆÀ‘� ‡°€îÉÅ —ºÆÑ™�‘³ �ê¹³
ÀŽàÅ ±éò ×¹°€ÀÉÅ ‡òº³. ƒ³þ× ƒ°ïò æבî �×´€° ‡òº±ò, ô± �ñº×ÃÅ ƒ³þ×
Æ‘Çíì. �‘ª¥Ö, �‘«Ö, �‘ª¦Æב™ �‘«Ö  ‡òº—°ÖÒ‘Å ØÝ, �‘ª¥ÕÅ �‘«ÕÅ ŠòþéÆ‘Ž
¶í�Á¥Å ƒ³þ× ‡òº³.

‚é‘Å º¦—ÀË.

þÀíþ�‘è: —ÀËÉ«ÑØò ÄÒÀ‘ŽÆ �휴±¿ º±þ×, …¯€ÀÆ‘î �‘Æ�íºÀ‘ŽÆ �×£‘î�íºÅ ‡òº³.
 
ˆ³: ‰¹°×´€°�äÖ ‡ÜØ° �×´€°Çò þº‘³Å —ÀË—Æòé …«ÑÚ °€Ò¿º¨Å þº‘—°ÖÒ‘Å
�³ Ÿ´°‘××´€°Æ‘�þ×´ ±�â°Óò.

‡.�‘.3.6.1.
 
œ‘™ŽÌ‘± º¤œ××´€°�äÖ, �Ý‘Ò×´€°�æÅ þÀÒ‘Ò×´€°�æÅ …¯¨. ‡›þ� ƒÏ™Žòé ÀÆ™�ÃÅ
À€ÒÚÅ �Ò™�ÃÅ ÿ›�‘³ �±�À‘Ž™—�‘¯¨ —œÖŽòéþ°‘ �€× �°ïò �Ý‘Ò×´€°�è ‡î¿º¥,
ƒ×íêí� ‡±Ì‘ŽÆ »é �×´€°�è, ƒ´°€�Æ À‘Ò›�€ã¿ þº‘™�×°‘Ö ‡àº€× þÀÒ‘Ò×´€°�è
‡î¿º¨Å. ��¢Ÿ´°´€°´ °Ï×îב� ƒ¹° þÀÒ‘Ò×´€°�è ±�Ý, �€× Ÿ´°‘×´€°�è ‡îÚÅ º¨Å.
ƒ°ïò �Ý‘Ò‘Ò×´€°�è  �Ÿ´°‘×´€°�è  ‡òº°‘Å. ��´³¢ —œê ÀÒב±�€ã ÿ™�™˜¦ÆƳ
…¯€À—Æòé …«Ñþ×Æ‘�, ƒ´°€�Æ Ÿ´°‘×´€°�è �€î´³Å —ÀËÉ«ÑÚ�€ã ÄÒÀ‘�™—�‘¯¥îבÅ.
—ÀËÉ«ÑØò ‡à £‘î¿»Ì�‘œþÀ, �Ü××´€°�€ã Ÿ´°‘×´€°  Æ‘™�Žòé³ ‡òº°‘Å.

‡.�‘.3.6.2.

ƒï �휴± º±Øî‘þÒþÆ —ÀË—ÆòéÚ«ÑÚÅ �°þ ±Íº‘±�€ã¿ þº‘™ŽÆ —°äØò ×ÏÅ …ì±ÉÅ
œÅºØ™�, ��´þ° �êÆ‘€À ƒÏ€ã™ �¦ÉÅ …è—ã‘äÆ‘ŽÆ �׿»Ì�‘œÅ ˜¦ ¶í�Å ‡òº³. ƒÜבé‘î
�׿»Ì�‘œÅ, —ÀËÉ«ÑÚ�€ã ƒòñÅ ƒòñÅ —ºíì™—�‘¯þ¥¢ —œÖÒ, ˜¦™—�‘¯þ¥¢ —œÖÕÅ
‡òº±ò, …èã´±þÒ ŠÑ þ°��Å ×¹—°Ë±, �³ …¥Å»ÕÅ Ø��´³ �ÜבòÀ‘€× ŠÑ
þ°��î‘™�Ø™�Å ‡òº³. ƒ´°€�Æ þ°��´ ±ÏØîÑ ��´þ° À€ÒÚ�€ãÉÅ ÀÆ™�›�€ãÉÅ
±Í½�€ãÉÅ Á´€°�€ãÉÅ, ‰Æ›�€ãÉÅ þº‘™Ž —°èãêØò ×ÏÅ ±Ï—ב¨, ÀÒÑ¢�ÉÅ, ÀŽâ¢�ÉÅ
�€À±ÉÅ —º‘€éÉÅ Øã›�Å ‡òº³. ÄÒ ‰Æ¿º‘¨�€ã ÿ™ŽÆ´ ±é´±ò, �×í€é¿ ºà°é þº‘™ŽÆ´
±é´±ò ÀºÒ‘› —�¨´°×Ñ�ã‘� ‚�þ× ¶€éÀ±ÇîÌ‘�´ ±�â×Ñ ‡òº³.

‡.�‘.3.6.3.
 
ƒï ��´³¢ —œê ³òïÏ€ã ÿ™�Å ×€�Æ‘þî ‡ÖÒ‘ À™�æÅ ‚�þ× ÃÆí��æÅ
»é™Žòé—×òº±ò, —ÀËÉ«ÑÚ�€ãþÆ °€Ò¿ºª¨ °€Ò¿ºª¨ ƒÜ×êÆ‘€À ³òïπ㠱éò º¥
ÿ™Ž ÄÒ ‰Æ¿º‘¨�€ã —�¨´³ ¶íþº‘Ñ, ºíºÒ ÀîÚ€Ò¢œÖ�ª� �‘Ì«À‘� ¶í�Å ÃÆí��æÅ
�Ýòé×Ñ�ã‘�, À™�æÅ —�ª¥×Ñ�ã‘�´ ±�â×Ñ ‡òº³. þºÌ‘€œ�äò, ŸÆµÒ¿ þº‘™Žò ‡àÅ
ÀîÚ€Ò¢œÖ�è �íì —º‘€é—Æ‘¨Å ¶°‘î´þ°‘¨Å ƒÏ™�Å ¶€ÒþÆ ƒ›� ÀîµÒÅ ‡î¿ºª¥³.
þºÌ‘€œ�è Øã›� �°ïò �þÌ‘°› —�‘€Ò �ãÚ �Þ�‘ÀÅ þº‘òé ƒÞ�«›�þã �´°»Ì€À, »Ì‘¹±
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